home Hemorrhoid suppositories Arrhythmias types of arrhythmias are the main symptoms of arrhythmias. Arrhythmia of the heart: symptoms and treatment. Based on electrophysiological parameters of rhythm disturbance

Arrhythmias types of arrhythmias are the main symptoms of arrhythmias. Arrhythmia of the heart: symptoms and treatment. Based on electrophysiological parameters of rhythm disturbance

The appearance of interruptions in cardiac activity against the background of present neurological diseases. To a greater extent it is determined in females. It is characterized by a functional disorder in the rhythmic work of the heart. With a pronounced clinic, appropriate treatment is prescribed. The drugs are selected by a neurologist.

Pulmonary arrhythmia

This definition often denotes a violation of the heart rhythm that has developed against the background of a hypertrophied right ventricle. The disease is mainly associated with increased pressure in the pulmonary artery. Stretching of the walls of the right ventricle also contributes to arrhythmias. It is difficult to treat due to the chronicity of the process.

Atrial fibrillation

Very fast and erratic contraction of the atria, in which their contraction is observed more than 300 times per minute. Pathology is extremely dangerous for human life and requires urgent intervention of medical personnel. The risk of developing pathology increases with age, which is facilitated by organic myocardial damage.

Ventricular extrasystole

An important type of arrhythmia for diagnosis, in which there is an untimely contraction of the ventricles. The signal for extraordinary depolarization comes from an additional (ectopic) focus of excitation. To prevent the development of serious complications, it is necessary to carry out timely treatment of ventricular extrasystole.

Atrial fibrillation

This type of arrhythmia is characterized by the appearance of chaotic contractions of the atrial muscles with an increase in heart rate up to 500-600 beats per minute. Pathology can cause a serious lack of blood circulation, which can lead to death. It is often a complication of heart diseases that have been started or have been treated incorrectly.

Sinus arrhythmia

Violation of the normal activity of the heart, in which sinus rhythm remains. May be manifested by an increase, slowdown, or irregular heartbeat. This type of arrhythmia is divided into pathological sinus arrhythmia and functional, which does not require treatment. The concept is considered general and refers to a number of diseases, each of which manifests itself with specific clinical signs.

Sinus bradycardia

Disruption of the normal functioning of the sinus node, in which a slow heartbeat develops. In this case, the heart rate is up to 50 beats per minute. In trained people, it is considered a variant of the norm. If the pathology brings inconvenience to a person, then drug treatment is prescribed.

Paroxysmal tachycardia

An arrhythmia attack characterized by onset and termination for no apparent reason. During a heartbeat, the heart rate can reach 300 beats per minute. There are ventricular, atrial and nodal (atrioventricular) forms of the disease. Almost all manifestations of pathology require medical correction.

A form of arrhythmia with a supraventricular arrangement, resulting from the accelerated work of the sinus node. It manifests itself in adults with a heart rate of 100 beats per minute, in children from 120 beats per minute. Depending on the severity of clinical manifestations, it can be considered physiological and pathological. Treatment of sinus tachycardia is required when a person's normal lifestyle is disturbed.

Valvular arrhythmias

It is a clinical definition of cardiac disorders arising from insufficiency or stenosis of the valve apparatus. Especially often appear with mitral valve prolapse. In connection with the presence of organic pathology, surgical intervention is often required.

Pancreatic arrhythmias

They may appear to patients as one disease, although in fact arrhythmia is a violation of the heart rhythm. Since the pancreas is anatomically close to the heart, in some of its diseases there are interruptions in cardiac activity, clinically defined as “pancreatic arrhythmias”. They cannot be ignored, therefore, consultations with a cardiologist are carried out, followed by the appointment of antiarrhythmic treatment.

Intestinal arrhythmia

In some situations, intestinal diseases are combined with arrhythmias (interruptions in the work of the heart), which significantly complicates the general condition of the patient. In particular, palpitations occur during infectious processes in the intestines, acute poisoning and after injury. In each case, specific treatment is required in the form of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Intercostal neuralgia

Violation of the rhythm of the heart, which in neurology can be combined with intercostal neuralgia. In addition to muscle pain, the main clinic is supplemented by heart failure. Therefore, antiarrhythmic drugs are added to the general treatment.

Heterotopic arrhythmias

A group of disorders of automatism not associated with the main pacemaker - the sinus node. This includes ventricular, atrial, and junctional rhythm. Excitation of the heart muscle occurs with acceleration or deceleration, which is manifested by the corresponding clinic. They often take the form of paroxysmal tachycardia, which develops in a particular part of the heart.

Vagus arrhythmia

It is an abnormal heart rhythm directly related to the influence of the parasympathetic nerve (vagus). It develops in 90% of cases in men after drinking large quantities of alcoholic beverages or fatty foods. May not cause significant discomfort and pass quickly after removal of the irritating factor. In other cases, a therapeutic effect is required.

Systolic arrhythmia

It manifests itself as a disturbed heart rhythm as a result of improper contraction of the ventricles. Refers to the group of extrasystoles. Depending on the cause, organic and functional types of disorders are distinguished. In the second case, most often women become patients. In the presence of damage to the heart muscle, they can contribute to the occurrence of more complex conditions (fibrillation, flickering).

Medication arrhythmia

Appears to be an abnormal heart rate or drug-induced heart rate. Most often develops after exceeding the dose of cardiac glycosides and diuretics. With timely assistance, it does not lead to the development of complications.

Ischemic arrhythmia

Interruptions in the work of the heart associated with a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium). With the disease, there may be an irregular, fast, or slow heartbeat. For diagnostics, ECG, coronary angiography are used in order to identify ischemic areas. In difficult cases, surgery may be required.

Supraventricular arrhythmia

Also known as supraventricular extrasystole. Premature impulses occur in the atria. Irregular heartbeats appear, disrupting the normal functioning of the muscular organ. Medication correction is relevant in case of presentation of complaints to patients, reduced working capacity. Without a pronounced clinic, the treatment of pathology is not carried out.

Vascular arrhythmia

It is an additional symptom complex of vegetative-vascular dystonia, characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, its acceleration or deceleration. It is not easy to treat due to the main cause of development - a disorder of the nervous system. Therefore, consultation of a psychotherapist is often required along with the use of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Hypertensive arrhythmia

Irregular contractions of the heart, with a fast or slow heart rate. It manifests itself against the background of hypertension. May develop as a result of a hypertensive crisis. This type of arrhythmia is considered a complication of the underlying disease, so timely treatment is necessary.

Respiratory arrhythmia

It is mainly diagnosed in adolescents. It is manifested by an increase in the number of heart contractions during a deep breath, while on exhalation, the heart rate decreases. Clinical manifestations are often absent, therefore, pathology is revealed during a general examination of the patient. With age, the likelihood of its occurrence may decrease.

Cardiac arrhythmia

This type of arrhythmia is a group of heart diseases that include various rhythm disturbances with an increase or decrease in the heart rate. A cardiac impulse against the background of arrhythmia can be formed or carried out in a pathological manner. The form of the disease is diagnosed using an ECG, after which the most appropriate antiarrhythmic agent is prescribed.

Ventricular fibrillation

With this pathology, the ventricles contract chaotically with a heart rate of 250 to 500 beats per minute. Cardiac arrest is possible due to the lack of its coordinated work. It develops against a background of various heart diseases, the main ones of which are myocardial infarction, hypertensive crises, angina pectoris, cardiomyopathy.

Ventricular tachycardia

Frequent contraction of the ventricles of the heart, in which there is a heart rate of 120 times per minute or more. Also known as paroxysmal tachycardia. It can be considered in the form of a physiological state (after physical exertion, against the background of emotional and mental stress) and pathological (develops at rest). It can be complicated by fibrillation, therefore, in any form, it is necessary to undergo treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs.

The term "arrhythmia" is understood as the name of an extensive group of cardiac arrhythmias, which are classified depending on the type, origin, nature of the course of the disease and other features. Types of cardiac arrhythmias are distinguished by the causes of occurrence, characteristic symptoms, possible complications, effects on other organs and systems of the body, and methods of treatment. In most cases, arrhythmia occurs when the heart rhythm is disturbed, subjected to excessive stress due to a variety of factors, accompanied by a violation and failure of cardiac conduction and other pathologies. Often this disease is provoked by organic heart lesions, intoxication and other reasons.

Norm and arrhythmia

Why arrhythmia occurs

The mechanisms and causes of the development of the disease depend on the state of the body, concomitant diseases. The classification of arrhythmias includes several types that differ in characteristics. When the heartbeat accelerates during inspiration or slowing down on expiration, sinus arrhythmia develops, which does not pose a threat to health and does not require serious treatment. When the heart rate rises to 100 beats per minute, sinus-type tachycardia occurs, if the heart beats slower and the beat rate drops to 60, this is a sign of sinus bradycardia.

Important! Any changes in heart rate are recorded during an examination in the supine position as deviations of an arrhythmic nature, during a detailed diagnosis, you can detect a violation of the rhythm and conduction, and find out the type of pathology.

Acute or chronic arrhythmia can develop against the background of any pathology of the cardiovascular system, including heart disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy and many other pathologies. Development is sometimes influenced by diseases that are not associated with cardiac causes, in this case, the heart is heavily loaded, and it works in difficult conditions. Arrhythmia after physical exertion occurs in athletes or in people engaged in hard physical labor. With pathologies of the endocrine system or hormonal background, constant arrhythmia is among the symptoms.

Types of arrhythmias on the ECG

The heart is exposed to excessive wear and tear and in cases where a person takes a large amount of drugs, abuse smoking or alcohol, has suffered serious injuries or there is a lack of oxygen. In addition to these varieties, which are easy to identify during diagnosis, there are idiopathic disorders. During an arrhythmia of such a plan, the patient has no obvious reasons for its occurrence, but the disease exists and causes many problems. In this case, a violation of the heart rhythm and cardiac conduction requires a detailed diagnosis.

Types of pathology

Working as usual, the heart contracts clearly and steadily with a frequency of 60-80 beats per minute, in the absence of physical activity in a calm state. The atria and ventricles contract sequentially, but as a result of various reasons, deviations from the norm occur, and then the patient is diagnosed with arrhythmia. The constant frequency of contractions of the heart muscle in arrhythmic pathology changes in different ways: it increases or decreases, the rhythm fluctuations are irregular. A change in the functional work of the heart causes a rhythm disturbance.

Arrhythmic lesion

The existing types of arrhythmias are provoked by a violation of the conduction of the heart, its automatism or excitability, and a mixed type of pathology often arises, in which the patient has several deviations from the norm. The classification of rhythm disturbances is simple, with problems of automatism, nomotopic arrhythmias or heterotopic type develop, with conduction disturbances, blockages occur in the region of one or more atria or ventricles. The list of forms of the disease includes:

tachycardia, bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia;
problem with atrioventricular rhythm;
weakened sinus syndrome;
atrioventricular blockade;
blockage of the ventricles or atria;
tachycardia of the paroxysmal type;
extrasystole;
atrial fibrillation;
atrial flutter.

Atrial type

When it comes to what kind of heart arrhythmia is, it should be borne in mind that this pathology is distinguished by anatomical characteristics. Persistent and severe arrhythmia is atrial, ventricular, sinus, or atrioventricular. Atrial pathologies occur in 50% of cases, they are characterized by separate atrial extrasystoles or irreversible flickering in this area. Life-threatening arrhythmias of this type require urgent medical attention to prevent irreversible consequences.

Atrial type

This disease is divided into several types of varying degrees of complexity, the identified arrhythmia must be treated in a timely manner, especially when it comes to severe pathology. Arrhythmic atrial disorders differ in frequency, rhythm and pulse, but the mechanism of development and methods of treatment are the same for all types. Heterotopic arrhythmias affect the areas inside and between the atria, the signs characteristic of these disorders appear at night in the supine position during the day. The list of disorders typical of the atrial type includes:

the presence of parasystoles and extrasystoles;
tachycardia of paroxysmal or sinus type;
chaotic and predominantly atrial tachycardia;
flutter or flickering in the atrial area;
blockade within the atria of the first, second or third degree.

Ventricular type

The ventricular type of arrhythmia means the presence of extrasystole, which is accompanied by a contraction of the ventricles, heterotopic arrhythmias of this type develop in people of age and manifest themselves as dizziness, feeling of weakness and lack of air, pain in the heart area. Pathology occurs after organic damage to the region of the heart, if the cause is ischemia, heart attack or other diseases, or has an idiopathic nature. Arrhythmia of this type develops against the background of other cardiovascular pathologies.

Important! An accurate diagnosis is made during the Holter study, with the help of which the class of the disease is determined, from zero to fifth. With a mild form, extrasystoles are not fixed; in severe cases, the device records groups of extrasystoles (up to 5) for 30 seconds.

Severe arrhythmia of an idopathic type with damage to the ventricles develops due to stress, the consumption of large amounts of alcohol and drinks containing caffeine, smoking, and in the presence of cervical osteochondrosis. Often, the disease appears after glycoside poisoning, treatment with beta-blockers, and a number of antidepressants. Such drugs provoke a violation of the heart rhythm and cardiac conduction. Ventricular extrasystole can be benign and malignant, the severity depends on the nature of the disease.

Ventricular arrhythmia on ECG

Sinus variety

Nomotropic arrhythmias include sinus and atrioventricular types, detected during special diagnostics. During sinus arrhythmia, patients experience a violation of the heart rhythm, when the intervals between contractions are not the same, but pass in the desired sequence and remain consistent. Often, this type of pathology has a mild form and is a natural physiological state of the body, and occurs during exercise, during stress, in the process of eating.

Important! Sinus arrhythmia appears due to the intake of certain medications, for example: glycosides or diuretics, and then disappears after they are canceled. Its occurrence, the presence of rhythm disturbances and constant cardiac conduction are influenced by the use of alcohol and smoking.

Often, nocturnal arrhythmia of this type or its daytime type appears in adolescents during puberty, in women before menstruation or during pregnancy and goes away on its own after a certain time, for example: after the onset of menstruation or the birth of a child. Another form is associated with cardiac and other diseases, develops due to malfunctions of the heart and due to conduction disturbances. Often, sinus-type pathology occurs against the background of ischemia, when oxygen does not enter the myocardium in the required amount, or accompanies a heart attack. Sinus arrhythmia appears along with such diseases:

cardiomyopathy;
dystonia of the vegetative-vascular type;
heart failure;
asthmatic pathologies and bronchitis;
diabetes of any type;
problems with the adrenal glands or thyroid gland.

Rhythm disturbances in sinus arrhythmia

Atrioventricular type

Functional arrhythmia of the atrioventricular type occurs due to a failure in the transmission of impulses from the atrium to the ventricles and is a blockade, which is divided into neurogenic and organic. In the first case, patients have a high tone of the vagus nerve and the conducting system, in the second, the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves every day and are accompanied by lesions of the heart muscle of a rheumatic nature, atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels and a number of other serious pathologies. Timely treatment leads to the disappearance of negative symptoms that accompany life-threatening arrhythmias.

Atrioventricular block

The blockade of the atrioventricular type is divided into three degrees, the first stage does not lead to special therapy, the patient does not feel unpleasant symptoms, the process of receiving impulses slows down slightly. With a complete blockade of the third degree, impulses do not enter the ventricular area, patients have weakness, shortness of breath, excessive fatigue and dizziness, and blood pressure often rises. If the blockade of the first degree sharply turns into the third, then it can provoke ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest.

Atrial fibrillation

Vascular atrial fibrillation is a change in heart rate, due to which impulses enter the myocardium chaotically, with such a pathology, fibrillation of muscle fibers is observed, an increase in heart rate up to 500-600 beats per minute is noted, and a pulse deficit. If we are talking about an advanced stage of the disease, patients with this form may develop a stroke and form blood clots, the ciliated type is a frequently occurring type of arrhythmia, from which people of mature and old age suffer.

Rate and fibrillation

Important! It is possible to eliminate negative symptoms in atrial fibrillation, including a violation of constant cardiac conduction, only after the restoration of the normal sinus rhythm and a complex of special measures under the supervision of a doctor.

Arrhythmia in the supine position is accompanied by attacks, they pass on their own or after taking medication. With constant atrial fibrillation, the symptoms of an attack can persist for a week, during the persistent stage, the onset of attacks occurs periodically in the form of relapses.

Diagnostics

There is a transient type of atrial fibrillation, during which the duration of the attack does not exceed 24 hours, but sometimes it lasts up to seven days. During this pathology, patients note the presence.

Arrhythmia means all those conditions in which the sequence of heart contractions, their frequency and strength, as well as rhythm are subject to changes. Arrhythmia, the symptoms of which are manifested due to a violation of the basic functions inherent in the heart (conduction, excitability, automatism), is in one name a generalized variant of the pathology, which means any changes in the heart rhythm that are different from the standard sinus rhythm.

general description

Arrhythmia means in general any irregular heartbeat (which is also defined as dysrhythmia), however, irregularity (and, accordingly, irregularity) of the heart rate is also not excluded in this condition.

Normal contraction rates are about 50-100 beats / min. Meanwhile, it is not at all necessary that both of these conditions, arrhythmia and contraction irregularity, occur simultaneously. Accordingly, arrhythmias occur in various versions of the state of heart contractions - both at normal rates of their frequency, and at slow rates (it is advisable to talk about the latter option at rates less than 60 beats / min, which is defined as bradyarrhythmia). Arrhythmia can also develop with an accelerated state of the heart rate, which is defined as a tachyarrhythmia and is more than 100 beats / min. Remarkably, in the United States alone, about 850,000 people are subject to annual hospitalization precisely against the background of the development of arrhythmias.

Arrhythmias develop as a result of the organic nature of heart damage, which occurs as a result of heart defects, myocardial infarction and other similar conditions. Also, their occurrence is accompanied by changes that are relevant to the water-salt balance, disorders directly related to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, intoxication. As we initially noted, the development of arrhythmia is also facilitated by conditions that have arisen against the background of the course of a cold or with overwork.

The processes associated with recovery from cardiac surgery can also act as contributing factors to arrhythmia. A separate point in the reasons also highlights the use of alcoholic beverages, against the background of the effect on the body of which the development of arrhythmia is also possible.

It is noteworthy that some types of heart rhythm disorders may not be felt by the patient at all, and in general they do not contribute to any serious consequences. In particular, this type of disorder includes atrial premature beats and sinus tachycardia. Often their appearance indicates the relevance for the patient of a pathology of one type or another that is not related to cardiac activity (for example, we can talk about changes associated with the functions of the thyroid gland).

Among the most dangerous pathological conditions, tachycardias are distinguished, which in about 85% of cases are the main cause of sudden death, as well as bradycardia (especially when it comes to a complex condition with AV block, which, in turn, is accompanied by short-term and sudden loss of consciousness). Based on statistical data, it is argued that these conditions account for about 15% of cases of sudden death.

Features of a normal heart rhythm

Considering arrhythmias as conditions dangerous for the heart, it will not be superfluous to dwell on the question of the normal rhythm of the heart, or rather on what exactly this rhythm provides. And it is provided by a conductive system, which acts as a sequential network of nodes (like power plants) based on a highly specialized type of cells, with the help of which it is possible to create electric impulses along individual fibers and beams with the simultaneous conduction of these impulses through them. Already due to these impulses, in turn, excitation of the heart muscle and its contraction are provided.

Despite the fact that each of the elements in the conducting system has the ability to generate impulses, the sinus node remains in this case as the main power plant, it is located in the region of the right atrium (its upper part). It is due to its effect that the frequency is ensured, which determines the work of the heart, that is, on the order of 60 to 80 beats / min. at rest, strengthening - at the time of relevance of physical activity, weakening - during sleep.

The impulses formed in the sinus node propagate similarly to the sun's rays, while one part of them contributes to the excitation of the atria and their contraction, while the other part is directed along special paths that the conducting system has to the AV node (or to the atrioventricular node). This node acts already as the next "power plant" in line, and it is here that the impulse movement slows down, which is necessary, in particular, in order to ensure that the atria can contract and then drive blood into the ventricles.

Later, it spreads to the bundle of His divided into two "legs", while the right leg provides impulses through the Purkinje fibers to the right ventricle, and the left impulses are conducted to the left ventricle, resulting in, again, excitation of the ventricles with their subsequent contraction. Here, in fact, we considered such a scheme, in accordance with which the rhythm of the human heart is ensured.

Based on the peculiarities of these mechanisms, those urgent problems are determined, the possible appearance of which will lead to a disruption in the operation of the conducting system. Relate to them:

violation associated with the formation of an impulse in one of the listed "power plants";
violation associated with the conduction of an impulse through one of the sections of the considered system.

The function performed by the main pacemaker is provided in both variants by the "power plant" next in the chain, which, however, is accompanied by a decrease in the heart rate.

As a result of considering this system, it remains to be noted that the conducting system has a multilevel type of protection, ensuring the prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. Meanwhile, violations, as such, in all these processes are not excluded, and therefore it is such violations that become the cause of arrhythmia.

Let us summarize that arrhythmias are such violations of the heart rhythm, in which either there is a decrease in beats (no more than 60 per minute), or an increase in frequency (over 100), or irregular heart rate. We also remind our readers that when the heart rate decreases, it is relevant to use the term bradycardia, and when the heart rate increases, it is tachycardia.

Types of arrhythmias

extrasystoles;
ventricular premature beats;
atrial fibrillation;
atrial flutter;
supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia (abbr. SVT);
tachycardias, in which there is a connection with additional bundles;
tachycardia in accordance with the mechanism of the atrioventricular re-entry node;
ventricular tachycardia;
ventricular fibrillation;
long QT syndrome;
bradyarrhythmias;
dysfunction relevant to the sinus node;
heart block.

Let's consider separately the features and symptoms of some of them.

Extrasystoles: symptoms

As extrasystoles, contractions prematurely produced by the heart are determined, the electrical impulse in which does not follow from the sinus node. This type of arrhythmia can accompany any of the heart diseases, however, in more than half of the cases, there is no connection with these diseases at all, because extrasystoles in this case act as a condition resulting from the influence of other factors. In particular, such conditions include psychoemotional and autonomic disorders, the level of electrolyte balance in the body, drug treatment, smoking, etc.

Despite the fact that this condition requires a consideration of the symptoms, there is nothing to consider, by and large, because extrasystoles, as a rule, are not felt by patients at all. In some cases, the manifestations are reduced to the occurrence of an intensified impulse arising from the heart, or to its fading.

The value that can be determined for extrasystoles is different in each case. So, their appearance in rare cases with a normal state of heart health, as a rule, makes them insignificant, however, if their frequency is noted, then this can already determine the exacerbation of a disease that is relevant for the patient (myocarditis, coronary artery disease, etc.) or an overdose of glycosides. With frequent atrial extrasystoles (in which the impulse follows, again, not from the sinus node, but from the atrium), they are often considered as precursors of atrial fibrillation. In particular, various frequent ventricular extrasystoles, the impulse in which follows either from the right or from the left ventricle. Ventricular extrasystoles can act as precursors of ventricular fibrillation.

Premature contractions of the atria, which are extrasystoles, do not cause harm and do not require any specific treatment. More details about the features of this condition can be found

Atrial fibrillation: symptoms

Atrial fibrillation, as this type of arrhythmia is also defined, itself acts as one of the variants of complications accompanying coronary heart disease, along with other types of disorders that are relevant to the heart rhythm. Atrial fibrillation is, moreover, one of the most common types of heart rhythm disorders. As the causes accompanying atrial fibrillation, not only ischemic heart disease, but also various types of diseases associated with the functions of the thyroid gland are distinguished.

The main manifestations inherent in this state include the same manifestations that are generally observed in arrhythmias: "bubbling" in the chest; interruptions, characterized by one or another specificity and intensity, associated with the work of the heart; darkening in the eyes; fainting conditions. There may also be general weakness, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a feeling of fear.

Sinus arrhythmia: symptoms

Sinus arrhythmia is characterized by the development of an abnormal sinus rhythm, in which there is an alternation of periods of its slowing down with an increase. The respiratory form of such an arrhythmia is predominantly distinguished, in which the heart contractions double at the time of exhalation, decreasing during exhalation.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is caused by irregularity and irregularity in the formation of impulses in one of the nerve nodes, which is often associated with fluctuations in the tone of the vagus nerve, as well as with changes in the breathing process of filling the heart with blood.

Symptoms of sinus arrhythmia are reduced to severe fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting. The listed symptoms mainly occur with long and sudden pauses between contractions. These pauses occur due to the formation of sinus impulses or blockade of their conduction through the tissues.

More serious manifestations that require appropriate attention from the patient include sudden shortness of breath, sudden fainting, darkening of the eyes, a feeling of an excessively slow or, conversely, fast heartbeat, chest pain.

Atrial flutter: symptoms

Atrial flutter is characterized by an increase in heart rate to impressive rates, which can reach 200-400 beats per minute, which, meanwhile, is accompanied by a regular and correct atrial rhythm.

Mostly atrial flutter occurs against the background of actual organic heart diseases, and especially often the development of this condition occurs during the first week from the date of operations on the heart of one or another scale, somewhat less often they are noted against the background of preliminary coronary artery bypass grafting. In addition, defects associated with the state of the mitral valve, ischemic heart disease in various forms of the course, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary obstructive diseases of the chronic form of the course are also distinguished. It is noteworthy that healthy people practically do not encounter this pathology.

As for the clinical manifestations that are relevant for atrial flutter, they are, first of all, determined by the heart rate and the characteristics of heart diseases of an organic nature. At the time of the onset of violations directly related to a violation of the rhythm, the heartbeat becomes more frequent, the appearance of severe weakness, dizziness, fainting and a sharp drop in pressure is not excluded, which in combination can even serve as the appearance of fainting.

In the developed variant, atrial flutter is characterized by the pulsation of the cervical veins, which can be up to 4 times higher than the actual heart rate. By the way, often atrial flutter is transformed into the previous form of arrhythmia with its characteristic course (that is, into the form of atrial fibrillation).

Supraventricular tachycardia: symptoms

This type of pathology is also defined as atrial tachycardia. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is formed within a small area of \u200b\u200btissue in any area of \u200b\u200bthe atria. This site gradually inflames the heart and controls it, having a greater effect than that which a natural pacemaker has on the heart. As a rule, the focus is inflamed only periodically, however, in some cases, the possible duration of such inflammation is noted for many days, or even months. It is noteworthy that some patients (especially elderly patients) face the course of this pathology when more than one inflamed area is formed.

In general, SVT means that the heart periodically begins to speed up under the influence of one reason or another, not related to stress, fever, or exercise.

As for the symptomatology, in this case it differs significantly. So, most people do not at all experience any symptomatology of this condition or are faced with the previously noted rapid pulsation that occurs in the chest. In some cases, atrial tachycardia is accompanied by shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness. The main symptoms associated with SVT are the following:

increased heart rate;
darkening in the eyes;
dizziness;
shallow breathing;
fainting;
discomfort in the chest area, manifested in the form of tightness, pain, pressure;
sweating;
feeling of own heartbeat or slowness of vascular pulsation, especially in the neck (here, as you know, large types of blood vessels are concentrated close to the skin);
tightness and tension in the throat;
increased urination;
severe fatigue.

Ventricular tachycardia: symptoms

Ventricular tachycardia is an acceleration of the heart rate out of the ventricles. In particular, we are talking about several successive ventricular impulses at a frequency of 100 / min. Such tachycardia begins and ends in a sudden manner. Mostly the rhythm frequency is about 150-200 / min. Due to such a disorder, the heart ceases to be adequately filled with blood, which, in turn, leads to the expelling of less blood into the body. This type of arrhythmia can be quite difficult, especially for those patients who already have heart disease, while this symptomatology is complemented by the symptomatology of such a concomitant disease.

Ventricular tachycardia can be persistent or unstable. Unstable tachycardia passes mostly quickly and without accompanying symptoms, which makes it possible to determine it only on the basis of long-term ECG monitoring. Meanwhile, some patients are faced with manifestations characteristic of arrhythmias in the form of palpitations, pain in the chest area, dizziness, and fainting.

Persistent ventricular tachycardia has, in addition to the traditional manifestations characteristic of it directly, namely, this fluctuation in systolic blood pressure at the time of each heartbeat and a reduced pulsation frequency noted from the cervical veins (in comparison with the pulse). The rhythm frequency in this variant of ventricular tachycardia is about 100-220 / min. When the extreme designated limit is exceeded, we are talking about ventricular flutter. Tachycardia itself can be noted as significant disturbances in hemodynamics. Meanwhile, sweating, arterial hypotension (lowering pressure) in varying degrees of severity of its manifestations, impaired consciousness (stunnedness, agitation, loss of consciousness) are not excluded. It is possible to join a clinic associated with cardiogenic shock, as well as a spontaneous arrest of blood circulation.

There are also some other features that are essential when diagnosing a patient's condition exclusively for a doctor, therefore we will not cite them as an addition to the clinical picture at a deeper level.

Ventricular fibrillation: symptoms

In this case, we mean a stream of impulses following in a disorganized and continuous order from the ventricles, which provokes their flutter, as a result of which, in turn, the possibility of their reduction with subsequent pumping of blood through the body is excluded. This condition is urgent and requires immediate treatment in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation unit in combination with the need for defibrillation to the patient.

The condition itself is extremely dangerous, because if the required resuscitation measures are not implemented within the next 10 minutes after the onset of this condition, subsequent assistance will be simply useless.

The frequency of contractions during fibrillation reaches 300 / min. In addition, the heart during this period does not perform its pumping functions, as a result of which there is no blood supply to the body.

The symptomatology of fibrillation, as we have already noted, is the arrest of blood circulation, therefore, at this moment a picture with characteristic signs of clinical death develops. This is accompanied by loss of consciousness by the patient, the appearance of seizures, as well as involuntary bowel movements and urination. There is no reaction of the pupils to light, the pupils themselves are dilated. Pulse, as well as breathing, are absent, and there are none in the area of \u200b\u200bthe location of the large arteries (femoral and carotid). In addition, there is a gradual development of diffuse cyanosis, that is, a condition in which the skin acquires a characteristic cyanosis.

Sinus node dysfunction syndrome: symptoms

This syndrome is also often abbreviated as SSS (that is, in its full version - sick sinus syndrome), it means this type of rhythm disturbance that occurs against the background of a weakening of the automatism function or its termination in the sinus-atrial node. SSSU is accompanied by a violation of the formation of an impulse and its subsequent passage through the sinus node to the atria, as a result of which there is a decrease in the rhythm (bradycardia) in combination with concomitant variants of ectopic arrhythmias. SSS often leads to sudden cardiac arrest.

The sinus node acts as a generator of impulses and at the same time as a pacemaker on a first-order basis. The development of the SSSU leads to the fact that for a certain period or for good it loses its leading positions in the process of forming a heart rhythm.

As for the symptomatology, it is here largely in common with the previously discussed options for arrhythmias. So, some patients may not experience any symptoms of this condition for a long period of time, while others, on the contrary, are faced with pronounced manifestations that indicate a violation of the rhythm. In particular, headaches and dizziness can be distinguished as such, a disorder in hemodynamics is not excluded, which occurs due to a change in the downward direction of the minute and stroke volumes of the ejection. This, in turn, is also accompanied by the development of pulmonary edema, cardiac asthma and coronary insufficiency (mainly in the form of angina pectoris, somewhat less often in the form of myocardial infarction).

SSS is characterized by two groups of symptoms, namely cardiac symptoms and cerebral symptoms.

As cerebral symptoms in combination with mild disturbances in the rhythm, irritability and fatigue, emotional instability, and forgetfulness are distinguished. Elderly patients are faced with a decrease in memory and overall intelligence. The progression of this condition, as well as the insufficiency of cerebral circulation, leads to the fact that the symptoms of this type gradually increase. This is accompanied by pre-syncope and, in fact, fainting, as well as the symptoms preceding them in the form of severe and sudden weakness, tinnitus, a feeling of fading (or stopping) the heart.

When fainting in this state, the skin turns pale and cold, cold sweat appears, the pressure drops. What is remarkable, a number of quite harmless factors can provoke fainting: a tight collar, an unsuccessful turn of the head, a cough. Fainting passes, as a rule, on their own, but their protracted conditions require the provision of appropriate emergency care.

As for cardiac symptoms, it manifests itself in the form of sensations of irregularity or slowness of the pulse, noted by the patient himself, as well as pain in the region behind the sternum, which is explained by insufficient coronary blood flow. Arrhythmias joining in this state are accompanied by an increase in heartbeat, interruptions of various scales in the work of the heart, weakness and shortness of breath, the development of chronic heart failure.

Often, fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia acts as an attachment to the SSSU, due to which the likelihood of a sudden death increases. As additional manifestations accompanying the syndrome of a weak sinus node, oliguria (a decrease in the daily rate of urine excretion) is determined, which occurs against the background of hypoperfusion, as well as gastrointestinal disorders, muscle weakness.

Heart block: symptoms

This variant of arrhythmia is associated with a slowdown in the process of impulse conduction or with its termination along the cardiac conduction system. Blockages can manifest themselves in the sinoatrial form (within the level of the atria and their muscle tissues), as well as the atrioventricular (atrioventricular junction) and intraventricular forms.

In accordance with the severity characteristic of the blockade, its degree I, II and III are determined. Grade I is accompanied by a delay in the conduction of impulses to the underlying sections in the conducting system, II is defined as incomplete, because only a certain part of the impulses is relevant, and, finally, Grade III, in which the possibility of impulses is excluded.

Blockades can be persistent and transitory; they arise against the background of myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis, myocarditis, as well as with the use of certain drugs. There is also such an option as congenital blockade (complete transverse), but it is extremely rare in practice.

As for the symptomatology that is relevant for blockades, it (with incomplete transverse variants) is characterized by a loss of heart sounds and pulse. Complete transverse blockade is accompanied by persistent manifestation of bradycardia (with a decrease in pulse rate up to 40 / min.). Due to a decrease in blood supply, which is relevant to the organs, convulsions and fainting appear. Options for the development of angina pectoris and heart failure, as well as sudden death, are not excluded.

Diagnosis

In the diagnosis of arrhythmia, the following main methods are used:

Arrhythmia treatment

The type and severity of the patient's condition determines the basis of treatment. As already noted in our article, many conditions do not manifest themselves in terms of any symptoms and do not require treatment. In other embodiments, the individual definition of drug therapy, some surgical procedures is carried out. In addition, the main positions regarding lifestyle changes are determined.

In drug therapy, in particular, antiarrhythmic drugs are used, with whose help control over the frequency of heart contractions is ensured, and drugs for antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy are selected, focused on reducing the risk of blood clots with the subsequent occurrence of stroke.

With the inability of medications to control the irregular rhythm of the patient in a continuous mode (which is important for atrial fibrillation), cardioversion is performed. This implies the introduction of a temporary anesthetic into the chest, followed by the effect of an electric current on this area. This method allows you to synchronize the work of the heart, thereby contributing to the restoration of an adequate heart rate.

In the treatment of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, a cardioverter-defibrillator is often used, implanted in the appropriate area for constant monitoring and nutrition of the heart muscle for its contraction in an adequate rhythm.

Not a single person is immune from the occurrence of CVS pathologies. An improper lifestyle, unbalanced unhealthy diet, the presence of addictions and concomitant diseases, an inactive lifestyle, drug abuse or inappropriate use - all this can provoke the appearance of heart failure.

Normally, the heart of a healthy adult beats 60-100 times per minute. For people actively involved in sports, this indicator is somewhat underestimated - from 50 to 60 beats / min. The normal heart rate for children is 100 beats / min, and for newborns - 140-160 beats / min.

But it happens that the rhythm of the heart is disturbed for some reason.

An ailment characterized by a violation of the frequency or regularity of the normal heart rhythm, as well as electrical conduction, is called arrhythmia.

It is important to understand that this is not a specific disease, but a group of cardiac contractions.

Pathology can be characterized by an absolutely asymptomatic course, and it can be accompanied by interruptions in the functioning of the heart (increased or slowed heart rate).

Often there are complaints of frequent dizziness, soreness behind the sternum, fainting, weakness, a feeling of lack of oxygen.

Treatment of pathology should be expedient and immediate, and it should begin with the treatment of a disease or syndrome that provoked a heart rhythm disturbance. Arrhythmia can provoke the occurrence of failures in the work of the CVS, as well as in the functioning of other organs and systems of the body, and can also itself be a complication of various serious and even dangerous pathologies. Lack of therapy can provoke the development of angina pectoris, thromboembolism, acute heart failure, and untimely first aid can cause sudden death.

According to statistical data, cardiac rhythm disturbances in about fifteen percent of cases are the cause of death from CVS pathologies. Anyone can face arrhythmia, regardless of gender and age. The development of sinus arrhythmia in a child is not excluded. Quite often, the disease is diagnosed during pregnancy.

Regardless of the cause of the pathology, therapy should be timely and correct. It is important to understand that this is the only way to prevent the development of complications.

Correct contractions of different parts of the heart provide specific muscle tissue of the myocardium. The sinus node is considered the driver in this system, but since it is less excitable, the atria contract first, then the bundle of His and other parts and ventricles.

The defeat of this system is fraught with the development of arrhythmias, and certain parts of it, for example, the atrioventricular node, are fraught with conduction disturbances (blockades).

Arrhythmia, as already mentioned, can develop against the background of various CVD diseases. But often the occurrence of pathology is due to:

high blood pressure;
the presence of addictions: alcohol abuse, smoking;
the presence of diabetes mellitus;
abuse of products containing caffeine;
frequent shocks, stress, as well as disorders of the nervous system;
irrational use of certain medications;
myocardial infarction, as well as subsequent cicatricial changes in muscle tissue (it is the scars that interfere with the normal formation and transmission of the bioelectric impulse);
improper blood circulation;
significant damage or death of areas of the myocardium;
the presence of coronary heart disease. This ailment often provokes the development of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia). Ischemic heart disease often causes sudden coronary death;
cardiomyopathy;
genetic predisposition. The development of arrhythmia is more susceptible to people who have congenital defects in the development of the heart muscle and coronary vessels (supraventricular tachycardia or WPW-Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome);
the presence of thyroid pathologies. Hyperthyroidism provokes an increase in the production of hormones, which causes an acceleration of metabolic processes and, in general, an irregular contraction of the myocardium. Hypothyroidism, on the contrary, provokes a decrease in metabolism, which becomes the cause of the development of bradycardia or extrasystole;
electrolyte imbalance. High or low content in myocardiocytes of elements, for example, sodium or potassium, often causes cardiac rhythm disturbances;
the use of psychostimulants.

Allocate sinus and paroxysmal (accompanied by paroxysm - an attack) tachycardia, sinus bradycardia and tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and extrasystole, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, extrasystole, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia.

Arrhythmias respond to therapy. In mild degrees, the use of tablets and herbal preparations is prescribed to improve the work of the CVS. In advanced cases, an operation, in particular ablation, can be performed. Minimizing physical activity, breathing exercises, adhering to a diet, taking pills and vitamins prescribed by a doctor, monitoring and periodically measuring pressure (using a tonometer) and counting the pulse - all this will help in the treatment of pathology.

If there is a malfunction in the work of the CVS, make an appointment with a cardiologist. He, using a survey, measuring pressure and counting the pulse, as well as conducting an ECG, diagnoses an ailment and prescribes treatment.

Arrhythmia of the heart: classification, prognosis and complications

Cardiac arrhythmias can be atrial, ventricular, sinus and atrioventricular. Depending on the frequency and rhythm of the SS, several groups of disorders are distinguished: bradycardia, tachycardia, and arrhythmia.

Arrhythmias of the heart, provoked by a violation of the formation of an electrical impulse, include heterotopic and nomotopic arrhythmias. In addition, there are sinoatrial, intra-atrial, atrioventricular blockade, intraventricular blockade of the bundle branch.

Extrasystole can accompany any CVS ailment, or it can be the result of mental and emotional disorders, as well as malfunctions of the ANS. Often, the disease does not have any symptoms at all.

Atrial fibrillation occurs, as a rule, against the background of coronary artery disease and thyroid diseases and is accompanied by a feeling of "bubbling" in the chest, malfunctioning of the CVS, malaise, shortness of breath, chest pain, fear and lack of air.

An attack of atrial fibrillation does not last long, just a few minutes. There is no need to take medications for an attack. However, along with this, the disease does not disappear by itself. He needs therapy.

As for sinus arrhythmia, its main manifestation is an abnormal sinus rhythm, which can be accelerated or, on the contrary, slowed down. A respiratory form of pathology is distinguished, accompanied by a doubling of the heartbeats on inhalation, and, therefore, their decrease on exhalation.

Shortness of breath, fainting, fast or slow heartbeats, and soreness in the heart are the main manifestations.

Atrial fibrillation - an increase in the SS frequency to three hundred or more beats / min. The development of the disease is caused, as a rule, by the presence of pathologies of the heart and vascular system, surgery. In healthy people, this type of cardiac arrhythmia does not occur.

Atrial fibrillation is accompanied, as a rule: palpitations, malaise, dizziness, fainting, lowering blood pressure. In the future, in the absence of therapy, there is a complication of symptoms. In this case, the pulsation of the cervical veins joins all manifestations, exceeding the frequency of heart contractions three or more times.

What about supraventricular tachycardia, it is atrial arrhythmia (tachycardia), then this type of pathology is characterized by a periodic acceleration of the SS due to stress, fever, physical exertion, intoxication. An ailment, in addition to a rapid heartbeat, is accompanied by: darkening in the eyes, malaise, frequent urge to urinate, a feeling of heartbeat, sweating, soreness in the chest, fainting, shallow breathing.

Ventricular arrhythmia of the heart refers to the acceleration of the heart rate out of the ventricles. Allocate persistent and unstable ventricular tachycardia. Unstable passes quickly. Its course is practically asymptomatic. There may be complaints of soreness and discomfort in the heart, fainting, irregular heartbeat.

What about persistent ventricular tachycardia, then it is characterized by fluctuations in systolic blood pressure, sweating, loss of consciousness.

Ventricular fibrillation characterized by a disorganized and continuous flow of impulses from the ventricles, followed by their flutter. As a result - exclusion of the possibility of ventricular contraction This condition requires immediate hospital treatment.

Failure to provide assistance to the patient (defibrillation), within ten minutes, is fatal. The main manifestation of ventricular fibrillation is the arrest of blood circulation. In addition, the disease is characterized by fainting, convulsions, involuntary bowel movements and urination, and dilated pupils.

With regards to heart block, this violation means a slowdown in the supply of impulses by the conducting system of the heart. The onset of an ailment is due to: the use of certain medications, as well as such ailments as a heart attack, myocarditis, cardiosclerosis.

Therapy for any type of arrhythmia must be correct and timely.In addition to the use of medications, surgery is often prescribed, in particular ablation (which consists in cauterizing the heart tissue). In the early stages of pathology, or as a preventive measure, it is recommended to use folk remedies, in particular hawthorn tincture.

Ignoring the pathology and lack of treatment is fraught with the development of dangerous diseases, such as: pulmonary edema, thromboembolism, acute heart failure. Untimely assistance can be fatal.

As for the prognosis, you should know that some varieties, for example, supraventricular extrasystole, do not pose a threat to the patient's life.

Atrial fibrillation, on the contrary, is fraught with ischemic stroke, severe heart failure. The most dangerous arrhythmias include fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. These violations pose a great threat to life and require immediate resuscitation measures.

Cardiac arrhythmia: symptoms, diagnosis

Cardiac arrhythmia, the symptoms of which are described above, is a very serious pathology that requires immediate therapy. Knowing how heart arrhythmia manifests itself, you will be able to provide first aid on time, and thereby prevent disastrous consequences.

As a rule, with cardiac arrhythmias, complaints are received about:

In order to identify cardiac arrhythmias, the symptoms of which you already know, the doctor, in addition to interviewing, measuring pressure and counting the pulse, will prescribe the following:

In addition, orthostatic tests and stress tests are performed.

Cardiac arrhythmia, the symptoms and manifestations of which can be dangerous, requires timely therapy. This is the only way to normalize heart function and prevent complications.

Cardiac fibrillation: medical and surgical treatment

Fibrillation of the heart (atria, ventricles) is a very dangerous pathology, characterized by impaired blood circulation. Normally, the muscle fibers of the heart muscle contract correctly and in a coordinated manner. With cardiac fibrillation, some groups of fibers contract in an uncoordinated manner, which becomes the cause of a violation of blood flow.

Drug therapy for arrhythmias, in particular persistent cardiac fibrillation, consists in the use of blockers:

calcium channels: Verapamil, Diltiazem;
sodium channels: Novocainamide, Lidocaine;
beta blockers: metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol;
potassium channels: Sotohexal, Cordaron.

The use of cardiac glycosides, magnesium and potassium salts is often prescribed. At the time of rendering first aid, it is recommended to use: with bradycardia, accompanied by fainting - Adrenaline, Dopamine, Atropine; with tachycardia - Verapamil, ATP; with tachycardia of the ventricular type - Lidocaine, Cordaron.

Often, doctors prescribe Propanorm for arrhythmias as an effective antiarrhythmic drug. This drug is effective in treating disorders such as cardiac fibrillation, WPW syndrome, and supraventricular tachycardias.

Surgery

Non-pharmacological methods of treating pathology include:

electrocardiostimulation;
radiofrequency ablation;
implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator.

Pacemaker implantation contributes to the normalization of the heart rate in bradycardia and atrioventricular blockade. As for the implanted cardioverter-defibrillator, it is sutured to people at high risk of developing ventricular tachyarrhythmia.

Ablation is an effective method of cauterizing areas of the heart and helping to prevent complications from developing.

As for open surgery, it is carried out with cardiac arrhythmias, provoked by heart valve defects and left ventricular aneurysm.

Arrhythmia syndrome: treatment with folk remedies at home and prevention

Therapy of arrhythmia syndrome with non-traditional methods will be effective in the case of mild varieties of the disease. Moreover, it can be used only with the permission of the attending physician and only after differential diagnosis.

Alternative treatment will be ineffective for arrhythmia syndrome caused by a genetic predisposition, in particular WPW syndrome, when additional pathways appear. Because of this, the impulse does not enter the AV node (located between the ventricles and the atria and is the only site through which the impulse is transferred to the ventricles).

Do not self-medicate. Remember, arrhythmia syndrome is a dangerous pathology, it is not a spur on the heel, and it will not be possible to cure the disease with drugs from the people alone. Treatment should be comprehensive.

Recipes for effective drugs

Brew thirty grams of dried chopped cornflower flowers in two hundred milliliters of boiling water. Put the product in a warm place for an hour. Drink a quarter glass of the strained drink three times a day. The remedy will ease the patient's condition and contribute to the normalization of the heart.
Steam a spoonful of dried finely chopped valerian rhizomes in three hundred milliliters of freshly boiled water. Let the composition brew. Take a spoonful of the expelled agent four times a day.
Brew twenty grams of dried calendula flowers in half a liter of boiling water. It is necessary to insist the composition in a thermos for two hours. After filtering, take 30 ml of the drug four times a day.
Steam rosehip seeds - 15 grams in freshly boiled water - 200 ml. Place the container in a warm place for two hours. Strain the composition, and then combine with honey - 20 grams. Drink 50 ml of the drink three times a day, before meals.

Remember, arrhythmia syndrome is a serious illness that requires immediate treatment. It is important to understand that it is easier to prevent the development of arrhythmias than to treat it later. For this purpose, it is recommended to timely treat cardiac pathologies, as well as thyroid ailments, abandon addictions, lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

Alina 10/15/2019 2:43:07 PM

The heart needs support. Magnerot helps me with this. It has a great effect on it, replenishing the lack of magnesium. Now I have no interruptions in the work of my heart, and the rhythm is stable.

From this article you will learn: how and for what reason sinus arrhythmia develops, and what symptoms are typical for it. How pathology is treated, and what needs to be done so that arrhythmia does not occur.

Date of publication of the article: 16.11.2016

Date of article update: 07/29/2019

Sinus arrhythmia is a change in the duration of the intervals between cardiac contractions, resulting from a disorder in the conduction or generation of electrical impulses in the myocardium (in the muscular system of the heart). The heart rate can be either within the normal range (60–90 beats per minute), or be disturbed: if the heartbeat is more than 90 beats per minute, they talk about, if less than 50 - about. Arrhythmias can be of different nature, causes and severity.

With a problem, you can contact a therapist, however, the treatment of this disease, depending on the cause, may be in the competence of a cardiologist, neurologist or even a psychotherapist.

The mechanism of arrhythmia

There is a sinus node in the heart wall, which is a source of electrical impulses that provide contraction of the muscular system of the heart - the myocardium. After generation, the impulse is transmitted along the fibers to each muscle cell of the organ, as a result they contract.

This process occurs at certain (equal) intervals of time, and normally has a frequency of 60–90 beats per minute. It is this impulse conduction that ensures a uniform, consistent and consistent contraction of the ventricles and atria.

When, as a result of the action of unfavorable factors, the activity of the conducting system of the heart is disturbed, arrhythmia occurs - a violation of the rhythm of cardiac contractions (it can be of varying severity).

Causes of the disease

Sinus arrhythmia can occur for three groups of causes.

1. External unfavorable factors

This is stress, medication, smoking, drinking.

Constant stress and bad habits can lead to an irreversible form of heart rhythm disturbance, which persists even after the causes are eliminated.

Sinus arrhythmia may occur under the influence of external factors

2. Physiological conditions of the body

Pregnancy, hormonal changes in adolescence.

With physiological changes in the body, the process takes place independently, that is, it is reversible.

3. Diseases

These are common causes of sinus arrhythmias. Examples of pathologies:

In the event of arrhythmias due to illness, it passes after therapeutic treatment.

Arrhythmia symptoms

Symptoms of sinus arrhythmia depend on the severity and frequency of contractions. If the disorder is mild or moderate, then symptoms may be absent.

Symptoms in case of severe heart rhythm disturbances:

Symptoms of severe sinus arrhythmia

What is the danger of pathology?

If the arrhythmia is caused by serious damage to the heart and other organs, then untimely treatment can lead to serious consequences. It:

blood clots;
ischemic stroke;
violation of the blood supply to the brain;
breathing problems, pulmonary edema;
fainting;
the development of heart failure;
atrial fibrillation;
heart failure.

The development of complications can be prevented only with proper diagnosis and timely treatment.

Arrhythmia diagnostics

The diagnosis of "sinus arrhythmia" is based on laboratory and apparatus examination data. The patient must donate blood and urine for general and biochemical analysis. Biochemistry is performed when the causes of arrhythmia are not associated with damage to the heart.

For diagnostics, electrocardiography (ECG) is mandatory, possibly with the use of physical activity.

Exercise electrocardiography

If necessary, additional methods are prescribed:

chest x-ray;
coronary angiography;
electrophysiological examination.

An informative method is the daily monitoring of cardiac activity according to Holter. This study makes it possible to assess the work of the heart at different points in a person's life within 24 hours. For this, sensors are attached to the patient's body, the wires from which are suitable for a portable device. It has a small size, is attached to the belt, and captures all the changes that occur in the heart during walking, eating or medication, emotions, sleep and other things. The data obtained is processed and immediately diagnosed, or clarifying diagnostic procedures are prescribed.

Holter 24-hour cardiac monitoring

Treatment

Sinus arrhythmia, which has a weak or moderate degree of intensity (that is, rare and not very pronounced cases of a heart rate below 60 or above 90 beats per minute), does not require specific treatment.

If the cause of the rhythm disturbance is heart disease, then therapy is aimed at eliminating them. In the case of a neurological or psychological nature of arrhythmia, preventive measures must be followed. With a stable form, you can seek help from a neurologist or psychotherapist.

Prolonged and intense sinus arrhythmia (with daily repeated attacks for a long time) leads to complications, therefore, this form of violation requires treatment:

Drug treatment

Medicines are prescribed by the attending physician after determining the type of violation.

With arrhythmias caused by stressful situations, the intake of glycine, novopassit, tinctures of motherwort or valerian, as well as antipsychotics, is indicated.
In other cases, potassium channel blockers, sodium channel blockers, or beta-blockers may be prescribed.
Additionally, multivitamin preparations and herbal medicine (fortifying) are recommended.

Physiotherapy

Physical treatments for arrhythmias also depend on the type and intensity of the arrhythmia.

Shown: reflexology, water procedures, magnetic and laser effects.

Do not use procedures involving an electric field.

Physiotherapy methods for sinus arrhythmia

Surgical treatments

If sinus arrhythmia of the heart becomes persistent and threatens health, minimally invasive treatments are used.

With bradycardia, a pacemaker is implanted. During a significant decrease in the frequency of contractions of the heart muscle (below 50), a miniature apparatus located under the collarbone generates an electrical impulse and sends it to the myocardium.

Tachycardia is treated with radiofrequency ablation (tissue destruction) or cryoablation of the cardiac conduction system. Ablation is the destruction of tissue by exposure to radio frequency waves or cold. It includes the search for structures that are responsible for the pathological generation of impulses and their conduction through the heart, and their destruction.

Radiofrequency ablation of the heart

What methods are used to treat arrhythmia abroad

Israeli doctors show stunning results in the treatment of all types of arrhythmias. Director of the medical service "Doctor in Israel" David Burda in his interview with the Israeli cardiologist Leonid Sternik will discuss the latest methods of treating artimia in Israel. Watch the video:

Prevention of sinus arrhythmia

To prevent the occurrence of arrhythmias, certain recommendations should be followed:

limit fatty and sweet dishes, coffee, strong tea in the diet;
increase stress resistance (yoga, hardening);
get enough sleep (at least 8 hours);
give up smoking and alcohol;
monitor body weight;
measure blood pressure regularly;
consult a specialist in a timely manner, even with minor violations of cardiac activity.

With sinus arrhythmia, you can play sports. It is best to talk to your doctor about referrals. Overly vigorous activities like running or cycling are usually not recommended.

In general, the prognosis is favorable, since in most cases (especially with a combination of therapeutic and preventive measures), sinus arrhythmia passes. However, some severe forms require continuous (until the end of life) maintenance drugs. Only by contacting a doctor in time can you stop the development of pathology. Listen to your heart, take care of it, and be healthy!