It was the strongest ship in the theater of combat operations. The origin of the mayor of the seas, whose name instilled fear in the opponents: during the entire period of the war, the Radyansky and British sailors carried out 700 military battles to the site of the Tyrpitsa parking lot. The German battleship pinned down the metropolitan fleet in the Eastern Atlantic for three years, causing the British to drive away the squadrons of battleships, aircraft carriers and cruisers of the Norwegian fjords. He was hunted by submarine forces, and he was followed by aviation and special operations forces. Convoy PQ-17 was released through Nyogo. The German monster survived the attack of mini-submarines and was found to be finished off with 5-ton bombs at parking lots in Tromso in the fall of leaves in 1944. Axis yakim vin buv!

There she was, like a cricked, blind little scallop, who was floating around in the cold water. The periscope eyepiece, the hydroacoustic sailor and the gyrocompass, which shows where the sun is under the damn water, is covered with breezes - the axis, perhaps, and everything that the cheruvian Mikola Lunin is, going to the sinking of the German battleship.

"Tirpits" is a miracle. An unstoppable 50,000-ton giant with 15-inch fasteners, a 320-mm armor belt and a fluid speed of 30+ knots.

Ale and Radyansky Choven K-21 cannot be called an innocent participant in these events. The current submarine cruiser is one of the most popular and heavily armored ships of its class, capable of quietly approaching its prey and immersing itself in it with 6 bow and 4 stern torpedo tubes.

Ikhnya zustrich was born on the 5th of June 1942. At about 17:00, the German squadron at the warehouse of the battleship "Tirpitz", at the escort of the important cruisers "Admiral Scheer", "Admiral Hipper" and 9 defense destroyers were discovered by the Radyansky submarine. These new years formed the basis for the plot of the current military-naval detective story, which for more than 70 years has not deprived the minds of the predecessors and historians of the Navy.

Having washed up Lunin at the “Tirpits”?

After the phase of active maneuvering, Choven found himself in a position that was not the most obvious - on courses that diverged, at a distance of 18-20 cables from the German squadron. At this moment, a four-torpedo salvo from the feeding apparatus began to erupt. The speed of the meteor was set at 22 knots, and its heading was 60° (according to German data, the squadron at that moment was sailing at speed of 24 knots, heading 90°).

The acoustics of the underwater ship K-21 recorded two reinforced vibrations, and then, if the German squadron was already hovering in the distance, a series of vibrations were weaker. M. Lunin let one of the torpedoes sink into the battleship, another into the destroyer, and a series of explosions that followed - the detonation of clay bombs on the ship's sink.

According to German documents, the Tirpitz and its escort ships did not note the fact of the torpedo attack and there were no traces of the fired torpedoes. The squadron turned to base without any interruptions.

Three years later, at 21:30, the military campaign was interrupted. German important ships set on a turning course - the submarine forces and the Luftwaffe were looking for the destruction of the ships abandoned to the PQ-17 convoy.
This is the summary of this department's output.

Today, the undiscussed maneuvering schemes of the K-21 and its position at the time of the attack of the German battleship - hundreds of articles have been written about it, but their authors have never reached a single conclusion. Everything, I think, comes down to assessing the likelihood of a torpedo hitting a battleship.

It seems that the acoustics of the vibrations also cannot reliably confirm the success of the attack: now with the most realistic version - the torpedoes, having passed the border line, sank and detonated when they hit the rock bottom. A series of weaker vibrations in the distance are due to clay bombs dropped by the Germans on an uninstalled submarine (according to a number of signs, this was the British submarine HMS Unshaken, which was also planning to attack the Tirpitz that day).

There is a simple explanation for the Swedish operation “On Horseback”: until the evening of June 5, 1942, the Germans received clear confirmation that convoy PQ-17 had stopped working. Chasing after single transports is the share of submarine forces and pilots. The great surface ships lay down on their turning course.

However, not everything is so simple here. Around the same time, alarming information was received on board the Tyrpitz - the Germans obtained the K-21 radiogram, in which Mikola Lunin reported about his contact with the German squadron and the results of the attack. Evidence from the Russian submarine, the appearance of a British submarine... It would be unfair to say that the fearful German sailors had their knees frozen. But the very fact of the appearance of an underwater threat alarmed the command. And who knows if the Germans would have risked continuing the operation to attack the convoy PQ-17, as before, rushing to the ports for the protection of the heavy escort?

The command of the Light Fleet is closely aligned with K-21, which has turned away from the campaign.

There could be a lot more versions and explanations...

I would really like to show respect for a reliable and obvious fact. For example, the impact of warhead torpedoes on the structure of the ship.

The Germans could falsify all the magazines, with the power of their pedantry, rewrite salary records and requests for supplies of materials and tools from Germany for the repair of a damaged ship. Take an advance payment for non-disclosure from all the crews of the squadron. Expand photos. Let the Fuhrer sleep peacefully - nothing has become of his beloved toy.

The Germans could falsify any documents. What if the stench could have attracted the evil spirits of Tirpitz from the eyes of strangers? The Tirpitz base was under the savage view of the British reconnaissance aircraft; The movements of the battleship were monitored by agents of the Norwegian Opora, closely linked to British intelligence.

Would you like one chance that the “Mosquito” of the Royal Air Force would not notice the completion of repair work and the appearance of bright, multi-colored oil spills that flowed from the damaged tanks?

There is no doubt about the fact that there is a problem with the torpedoes of large-scale robots. During the Second World War, battleships from other countries were sunk by submarines and torpedo bombers. And then the inheritances turned out to be greedy - from the detonation of the cellars and the sinking of the ship to the flared sides, bent shafts, steering machines that were jammed, broken turbine frames and machinery mechanisms Isolated. Underwater vibration 300 kilograms of vibration - it’s not hot. You can't do it without a dry dock.

The 450 mm torpedo sunk to the aft part of the starboard side above the starboard outboard propeller (approximately six meters below the waterline). The vibration of the 227-kg combat charging torpedo caused great damage: a hole measuring 9 by 3, intensive flooding of the corridor of the right outer propeller shaft, deformations and jamming of the shaft (along with the additional kerm of the right board) and flows along. Regardless of the alarm, a number of waterproof hatches and necks in the area of ​​damage were not closed. Until 15:30, the battleship began to slow down: at that time, 3,500 tons of sea water penetrated into the aft part, the ship tilted aft by about three meters and rolled to starboard by about four and a half degrees.

- The result of a torpedo hit on the Italian battleship Vitorio Veneto, 28 February 1941

The torpedo sank on its left side near the stern 381-mm tank. The force of the 340 kg TNT vibration pierced the structural underwater protection: a hole measuring 13x6 meters was created in the external plating, and the ship received 2032 tons of sea water and tilted up to three and a half degrees on the starboard side and the trim to the stern is close to 2.2. Dozens of people were killed, and nearly as many were injured. The tilt was changed to one degree, but the trim did not change until it turned to the base.

- the result of the battle “Vitorio Veneto” with the British submarine HMS Urge, 14 Br. 1941. Primary repair of safety issues.

Battleship Maryland, damaged by an aircraft torpedo off Saipan

Battleship North Caroline. The result of a torpedo hit by the Japanese submarine I-19

Incredibly, only three months after the 5th anniversary of 1942. "Tirpitz" also needed folding repairs!

October 23, 1942 "Tirpitz" sailed from Narvik to Trondheim. Then the floating ship "Hauskaran" arrived. The Germans dismantled the caisson and over the next three months carried out a preventive replacement of the kerma of the battleship. You can hum “Eureka” and throw a drop up the hill. Have we ever found proof of Lunin’s successful attack?

Experts and investigators with particularly important inquiries are asked to remain calm and not to rush to conclusions - to reveal connections between the torpedo attack of 5 June 1942. and repair robots during the autumn-winter period of 1942-43. not so easy. How did the torpedo scream the destruction of the kerms - in what rank did the "Tirpits" lose the repeat share of its brother - the "Bismarck"? Despite the fact that the British 457 mm aircraft torpedo Mk XII is simply a ridiculous firecracker on the Radyanska steam-gas 53-38, which was fired by the K-21 (weight 1615 kg versus 702 kg, BP charge - 300 kg versus 176 kg Mk XII). Such a thing is small enough to destroy the entire aft part of the “Tirpitz” and damage not only the kermo, but also the screws.

"Tirpitz" turns back to base after the operation from the overrun of the PQ-17 convoy

However, it is clear that after the “Tirpitz” campaign turned around on its own, the crossing at Trondheim also proceeded independently. No significant repair work was carried out on board the battleship during the hour of its stay in Bogen. There were no nafta deposits or trim on the stern. What are the connections between repairs and Lunin’s torpedo attack? Are repairs a legacy of any other steps?

The version with navigation support can be abandoned if it is not possible. One look at the dismantling of the battleship's kermas is enough to change the situation: they can only be harmed if they first cut the hull against the rock all day long. However, the version with damaged kerms is lost during the hour of the collapse in reverse during the hour of mooring - this could have happened if all the members of the crew of the super battleship got drunk, like untermens.

What could happen to you as if it were a battle? Alternatively, the kerma feather could have been damaged during one of the numerous bombardments of the battleship's parking area:
30-31 Bereznya 1941 - raid of 33 Halifaxes on Trondheim (to no avail, six killed);
27-28 April 1941 - raid of 29 Halifaxes and 11 Lancasters (to no avail, five shot down);
28-29 April 1941 - raid of 23 Halifaxes and 11 Lancasters (to no avail, two shot down);
…

Close explosions of dozens of bombs could not harm the armored monster, but underwater hydrodynamic impacts could damage the kerma and damage its feather. Fixed, metal stress, cracks and dents that had appeared, completed the job on the right - the ship will undergo the necessary repairs as soon as possible. There may be a lot of versions. But it is not like being hit by a torpedo - the damage was much more serious, which brought the battleship to Trondheim for a three-month repair.

What happened to the other torpedo?

How many torpedoes were fired, the submariners felt two knocks... Whose friend was hit by a torpedo?

Official Radian historiography connected another story with the loss of up to one of the escorts. Who else got a gift from Mikoli Lunin? What evidence is there about the destruction of espressants?

You see, yes!

As soon as we know the combat path of each of the insects that took part in the operation “On Horseback,” it becomes clear that after 10 days, 15-17 June 1942. There has been a transfer of the destroyers Z-24 and the Friedrich In from Norway to Germany. What was involved in the transfer of ships is not known. Isn’t it true that the fighting ushkodzhenya?!

Ale and here is low nutrition. Even before reaching the distant shores, 8-10 ships of the destroyer Z-24 and Friedrich In, supported by torpedo boats T7 and T15, carried out an operation from transferring the crippled TKR "Lutzow" from Narvik to Trondheim ( yak bulo poshkodzheno "Luttsov" - about a little bit lower). At this point, the “fuckers” did not calm down and carried out another operation to erect a mine fence in the Pivnichny Sea (Lip. 14-15, 1942)
It doesn’t look like a ship with a weight of more than 3000 tons survived a hit from a 533 mm torpedo, and then calmly “walked” through the seas, setting mines and making its way around Scandinavia on its own. and to Nimechchina.

Before the torpedoes they suffered bitterly for greatness, the miraculous capture of battleships - what does the little destroyer look for? As soon as it doesn’t burst completely, the damage will be so strong that it will hardly go to sea within a month. How can you quickly weld damaged casing sheets, but what else can you do with bent propeller shafts and damaged turbines?

In fact, the Germans had plenty of reasons to send their destroyers for repairs at Kiel. Operation “On Horseback” did not go well from the very beginning - during the hour of maneuvering in the narrow fjords, the Lützow TKR together with the destroyers “Hans Lodi”, “Karl Galster” and “Theodor Riedel” flew into the rocks and took away damage from the underwater parts and the body. Unfortunately, it is common for some of these ships not to appear on the lists of “sent for repairs before Germany.”

Epilogue

Two vibukha, almost on board K-21. The Swede turned the battleship suspiciously. Zhovtneviy transfer “Tirpitz” to Trondheim. Three-month renovation. Quezon. Replacing the kerma pen. The term for the transfer of destroyers from Narvik to Nimechchina. Don't you need a lot of savings for an emergency?

And other “shoots”:

Mikola Lunin had more than one successful (confirmed) torpedo attack in his career - the transport “Consul Schulte”, 02/5/1942.
The crew of K-21 did not wait until the attack of the warships, which were rapidly collapsing.
Attack from the border distance 18-20 cab. at breakout courses.
Like a torpedo, installed at a depth of 2 m, it appeared at a depth of 5-8 meters (at such a depth below the waterline there was kerma). Turbulent gwent flows? Acceptable...

Despite all the successes, it is highly probable that the submarine cruiser K-21 still hit the mark. Further steps, associated with the autumn-winter repairs of the battleship, also fit poorly into the flow of torpedo hits. And how many times has a friend been hit by a torpedo?

One thing is certain: the K-21 crew demonstrated Vinyatkov’s courage, for the first time in the Radian fleet they launched an attack with such a folding sword that it defends itself well. Having rejected the cross of the Radiogram K-21, the offіcers of the nudish ship Kriegsmarin, the nasal Huggelnny, was arched, when they knew, the attacks of the Radyanski Pіdvodnoy Chovna, under the tsoma submarin, was overwhelmed by the non-humori ship.

The destruction of "Tirpitz" after Operation "Tungsten". The ship was hit by 14 bombs of medium and large caliber, and the old wounds inflicted by earlier mini-submarine ships of the XE series were healed. You can clearly see the separation from the oil that spread through the water. Repair at Rozpali, Lipen 1944 r.

Underwater ship K-21 at the eternal station in Pivnichnomorska

For materials:
http://www.kbismarck.com
http://www.german-navy.de
http://flot.com
http://submarine-at-war.ru
http://samlib.ru

Nimechchina has a good engineering mind and industry. At once the stench created a lot of brown and efficient machines and equipment. In times of war, this symbiosis would be unsafe for its potential adversary – the USSR, under the hour of the Great Patriotic War. But there were some punctures.

The actions of the monsters of the German military industry were terrible on paper and on the eye, but the practical result of their stagnation was completely gone. Until then, the battleship "Tirpits" is due. The English were afraid of him not because he had caused them significant harm, but because he had simply fallen asleep.

What will you name the yacht... Apparently, the German military sailors did not know this song of Captain Vrungel. Otherwise, they chose a different name for the super battleship. And so the history of the ship was entirely consistent with the history of the people whose names were lost.

Father to the German fleet

Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz has a strong reputation among the middle of the German military sailors. He was exalted for a specific fact of his biography: he did not lose the battle of life. There is an important reason for this - it is because everyone has to take part without taking part.

Ale merits from the admiral. Before the First World War, he actively advocated for the development and strengthening of the German fleet. The aim was to lay the edge of the English bath on the sea. Tyrpitz wanted great ships with thick armor - he believed that these floating tanks would defeat the British.

The result was revealed as follows - the British were in the naval right, and two of their own were on board the German ship.

The submarine war, whose leader was Tirpits, did not bring success either. It also called upon the enemies of the United States to launch an underwater attack on the Lusitania (whose passenger liner sank after being torpedoed by the submarine U-20. 1,198 people died).

But according to the information of the German army, the Turpins have lost the “father of the fleet” and a symbol of the impending victory over England on the water. The axis of his name was chosen for the title of the new ship.

Chancellor and Admiral

In 1935, the military forces washed two battleships before waking up. Hitler, having come to power, immediately began to ignore the minds of the Versailles world, which would limit the German military potential, and it appeared to these people, in which the Germans were truly at one with him (at the same time and the minds were put on edge).

It was likely that there would be ships in the region, and British dreadnoughts would be placed in place. One of them was called “Bismarck”, and the other was awarded the honor of becoming “Tirpitz”.

Things were not right with them for the first time. They all had a voyage in their life, and the English sank it (not without harm to themselves, but it’s all the same).

"Tirpits" survived until 1944, but its combat effectiveness was unmatched. The battleship's main occupation was playing with the British military. The ship repeated the admiral's share - in the last memorable battle, I did not have the chance to take part.

Giant mislyvets behind transports

Apparently, before Hitler’s rise, there was a powerful megalomania. Yogo was fascinated by the large and scary-looking devices. In truth, the giants did not justify the wasted resources on them (for example, the giant Dora gun, which was still unable to properly fire at the 30th Sevastopol battery).

The same thing happened to “Bismarck” and “Tirpitz”. But the characteristics of the ships stood out. The battleships with the best displays (the same Japanese “Yamato”) suffered the fate of the war, and the German ships were still in strength.

German postscript system

Vaughn (system) supported the ship at the design stage. Ale vona was the same one who was stuck with the Radyan bureaucrats.

To benefit the interests of the Versailles world, which limits the German military potential, the data on ships was not increased, but underestimated.

Thus, the officially declared water capacity of “Tirpitsa” is 35 thousand. tons Already, the project “for internal research” featured a display of 45.5 thousand. tons Further, the battleship’s water capacity was further increased during the reconstruction (up to 53 thousand tons), but without anyone being received, the war began.

A similar miracle happened with the new “Tirpitz” - the official main caliber was 350 mm, but I think it actually turned out that it should be 380 mm.

Technically insert the lyakalo

The "Tirpits" was launched in 1939, and before it was appointed, the British still babbled. The stench of the mala zvichku trimati against the skin of the German ship 2 of their own in stock of a similar class (in the war, not up to the dueling code). Against the battleship there was a need for battleships. But the British were not aware of the stink of a similar reserve against the Tirpitz and Bismarck.

The battleships of the “King George” series had sailed away in no great order, and then the Germans presented a really hard-working battleship. We didn’t get to the bottom of the German battleship “Tirpitz”, but it would have been enemy.

Tactical and technical characteristics (linear, armor, running, fire) of the “Tirpitsa” were not record-breaking, but rather good. Here you can simply go crazy with numbers.

1. Dimensions – 253.6 m of the backside, 15 m of the backside height (from the keel), 36 meters of the top.
2. The thickness of the armor is 145 to 320 mm, at the tops of the head caliber and the scars – 360 mm.
3. Maximum speed – over 30 knots.
4. Head caliber - 380 mm (8 mm); plus another 12 guns of 150 mm and 116 anti-aircraft guns of different calibers.
5. The autonomous navigation range is up to 16,500 km.
6. Deck aviation - flying aircraft "Arado" 4 pcs.

The ship was powered by 12 boilers and 3 turbines. There is a radar station and, in addition to artillery, there are torpedo launchers. In the process of operation, its number was modernized several times; out of sight, the number of anti-aircraft installations has increased.

Already, at this point, the “Tirpitz” was planning to be used not for battles with a rival enemy, but for the pursuit of transport ships. The point of the Hitlerites was the English maritime trade, and they wanted to pin it down. The Mav ship is not considered a battleship, but a cruiser.

Its axis was sent to the Northern Sea – and safely, and with visual aid at hand (transport convoys, which were transported to the coastal ports of the USSR, possessed, collected and materials from Lend-Lease).

The obvious superiority of the British at the approach and the share of the Bismarck made Hitler's command reluctant to save another naval marvel.

The battleship was being prepared to receive a sinecure - Arctic convoys. The command was afraid that the Fuhrer’s favorite naval toy would become unbearable. And it was cleaned up and the sin was served.

Captains and marine rights

It is still impossible to guess about the people who were responsible for the collapse of the floating miracle. The battleship's crew currently consisted of 2,608 people, including 108 officers.

The number of commanders on the "Tirpitsa" changed during the hour the ship was in service, but all of them were in the rank of captains of the tsur-zee (in the Russian system - captains of the 1st rank). The first battleship received by F.K. Topp in the cruel fate of 1941 (before that, he had a chance to work and test the ship).

The share of the remaining commander deserves respect. Robert Weber is well aware of the unwritten maritime law. Without losing his ship, he and the “Tirpitz” sank to the bottom. At once, 1,700 members of the team died from it; Parts of the crew began to spin.

Symbolic thunderstorm of Arctic convoys

Since 1942, the “Tirpits” has served in the Pivnichny Sea. In the Norwegian fjords one could find a convenient anchorage for a battleship, but of little consequence to the enemy. The German command needed to save the one new-fangled ship that had been lost, and relied on those who, on their own, would replace the goodness of the British.

In addition, the Hitlerites were expecting the Swedish fall of Leningrad and believed that in this situation the Baltic Fleet of the USSR was guaranteed to rush to Sweden.

Leningrad stood up, the Baltic Fleet did not go anywhere, and the Arctic convoys suffered greatly from aviation and other ships, not from the “Tirpitz”.

It’s important to try the “grab and roll” tactic – reporting for duty and returning to base.

However, the battleship had a chance to take part in many important operations. Their scale is such that one can believe that the “Tirpitz” was taken out of its parking lot so that the Fuhrer would not lose food, which is what he does in the future.

Racing for a timber truck

The middle of his exploits was an attempt at recapturing near Berezna in 1942 with the result of two convoys. The first of them, PQ-12, is from Iceland to Murmansk, the other (QP-8) is from Yomu, from Murmansk.

The German squadron, at the storage depot of the dirty "Tirpitz", was about to pass right in front of the bow of one and behind the stern of the other caravan. Then we all justified ourselves, relying on the weather - it was cloudy, foggy, visibility was zero and the aerial reconnaissance was bad.

The victim of falling behind the convoys was the “Izhora” - a Radyansk timber carrier, which suddenly appeared in the fog in front of its own. The commander of the "Tirpian" was too prudent not to waste his charges on the new road - having destroyed the unfortunate dishes and sunk one of the destroyers of the squadron. And all the same, “Izhora”, practically unbroken, has been scrubbed against a sea wolf, hardened to the teeth, for repeated years! Having caught up with someone ahead of others about the attack.

March horse ride

Another anti-convoy operation (with the code name “Horseback”) took place near the same place. For convoy PQ-17 on the right it ended badly - more than half of the ships sank to the bottom. Ale “Tirpits” without chopping them.

They just lived by the sea, and they lost it, causing panic to begin in the British Admiralty.

Having received reconnaissance data about the appearance of a German “lack”, the convoy was ordered to disperse, and the escort vessels were ordered to stand down. It turned out that the English command was deliberately bringing transports to the bottom, rowing cruisers.

Convoy order from Vikonav. For the battleship there is a video boot. The command decided that other German ships would break away from the assigned ships of the convoy one at a time. That’s how it turned out. And the “Tirpitz” crashed back into the parking lot and went under the attack of British aircraft and submarines. It was a brilliant victory - the battleship didn’t have a chance to be unsheathed in order to get it.

Zharmat in the mines

“Tirpitz” had a chance to take part in the shootings and save them. In the spring of 1943, the rock crashed to the shores of Spitsbergen. There the miners' town was deprived (before the war, vugill was mined by the USSR and Norway) and German meteorologists worked all day long. They were fired upon by the British, who were retracing government targets during the landing on Spitsbergen.

I will avenge the “nasty attack” (of which as many as 1 person was the victim) and become the visitor of “Tirpitz”. The operation was beautifully called Citronella (aka Sicily).
The great battleship brought with it hundreds of marines and tested its main caliber in real combat, firing at the miners' barracks. It looked scary, but the practical result was greater when shooting at the gorobtsy.

Through these three operations, the battle biography of the battleship is exhausted. I spent an hour standing at anchor, rejoicing and feeling nervous about the English.

Share of the target

England did not wait for the “Tirpitz” on the right, but was afraid of it – obviously, due to the fact that at the right moment it would not have two or more battleships against one “German”.

The English troops fell by the wayside while trying to protect the German battleship.

On the right were bombs of all calibers (including the heavy-duty “Tolba”), and first and foremost torpedoes. Ale maizhe 3 rocky battleship let us begin to speak.

Simple methods of calling for non-spill

In reality everything was simple. The battleship was not damaged due to its advantages, the peculiarities of its natural nature, and even more - a mistake of the British.

1. Norway's visibility is poor. The battleship changed from the black 1942 color to the barred one and added a fresh camouflage. The British also bombed on the fly.
2. The anti-stress defense "Tirpitz" was good - the rare coating did not cost the English many letaks.
3. The battleship's team reached the main displays and installed smoke curtains.
4. They were planning to bomb the English pilots on the Maidans. This happened at Dresden, but the area of ​​the battleship was significantly smaller. The bombs also significantly altered the fisheries reserves of the Pine Sea.
5. A dozen of ceramic-coated torpedoes in an unthinkable manner... were ruined by the age.
6. One of the armor-piercing bombs that crippled the Tirpitz, based on the results of the inspection (it was carried out by the Germans), had vibrations that were twice as low as the standard.

It’s clear that it’s not easy to fight against such forces. Every now and then, the blows reached the mark - until the residual sinking of the "Tirpits" several times, canceling the operation, which turned off the independent crossing (in the spring of 1943 and in the spring of 1944).

The bombardment and mining activities with mini-submarines gave results. As a result, the battleship was in trouble - it could not be fully damaged by the remaining attack.

Captain Lunin and the attack on the Tirpitz

Please, whoever sank the Tirpits, close it. This was destroyed by British bombers on the 12th leaf fall of 1944. Ale SRSR also lays claim to the merits of the right to fly to the battleship.
The captain of the submarine vessel K-21, N.A. Lunin, fired torpedoes at the Tirpitz and escorted his destroyer during the counter-action “Horse’s Move”. Then, at the report, he reported that he felt a bulge and let it go, damaging the “Tirpitz” and sinking another ship.

However, no such expenses have been recorded among the Germans.

The next day, Lunin’s torpedoes passed by and swelled as they fell to the bottom. Data about his course indicate that his chances of reaching the battleship were minimal. Do not ruin the captain’s honesty - he would like to try, and not assert, to avoid getting caught. Ale “Tirpitz” doesn’t deserve anything.

Posthumous glory

During the implementation of Operation "Catechism" on November 12, 1944, the British dropped the "Talboev" splint onto the "Tirpitz". One reach methi; The hit screamed that I would burn and detonate the ammunition. The battleship overturned and sank.

There is no need to show the place of destruction on the map - the hull of the battleship was visible in Hockeybotn Bay above the surface. There the end of the war was reached.

After Norway was laid down to the world until 1957, fate was cut by “Tirpitz”. A significant part of the metal was sold to Germany. There are a few tricks to decorate museums, some of which are souvenir decorations. A few pieces of the battleship's pieces were salvaged for road repairs. The nasal part remains to lie on the bottom.

Not far from the resting place of the Tirpitz, a monument to the fallen members of the crew was erected. The monument is dubious, why not fight with the dead...

The battleship's share also contributed to the excessive nature.

After the war, new lakes appeared near Hockeybotn Bay. The stinks disappeared from the water-filled streams of the “Tolboev” - the bright English were cunning to miss the ship by kilometers.

After the sinking of the battleship, a new, glorious biography was invented for Youmu. The English wrote to their poor people like this, having previously sent half of their fleet to the bottom. Today's computer games "Poverty "Tirpitz" have a wider mission for the superhero.

Well, I’d like to fight on the screen. In reality, the "Tirpits" did not recoup even a tenth of the investment from the new capital, and what the British were afraid of was the loss of life, and not the worth of the ship. Please stop practicing.

Video

Tirpitz

"Tirpitz" (German: Tirpitz) is another battleship of the Bismarck class, which enters the Kriegsmarine warehouse. In combat operations, he practically did not take part, due to his presence in Norway, threatening the Arctic convoys of the USSR and shackling the strength of the British fleet. For its passive role in the war, the Norwegians nicknamed the battleship “The Moon Queen of the Night” (Norwegian: Den ensomme Nordens Dronning). Attempts to destroy the "Tirpitz" met with several failures, but ended in success in the fall of 1944 after an attack from the wind with powerful "Tallboy" type bombs. Details of the battleship are still in military museums around the world.

History of stagnation

The ship was launched on the 1st quarter of 1939. It took its name in honor of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the founder of the current German fleet. It was immediately reported that the "Tirpitz" was acting as a raider, attacking the trade caravans of the allies near the Northern Atlantic. The share of the battleship Bismarck caused Hitler to become disillusioned with the surface fleet, and the Tirpitz was rarely dissatisfied with it.

Since 1942, the Tirpitz was sent to Norwegian waters to fly on Arctic convoys to Russia and against the Archery operation of the British commandos on the island of Vågsøy. There, near the fjords, we stood there for almost the entire Second World War. However, the mere presence of the Tyrpitz brought significant strength to the Royal Navy, although during the entire hour of its stay in Norway it carried out only three offensive operations. Regardless of this, the British fleet took advantage of the potential dangers of the battleship and did not take advantage of its poverty. After repeated attacks from the sea and from the sea, the "Tirpits" was sunk at the station in Tromso on November 12, 1944.

Operation "Tirpitz"

Operation Sportpalast

At the beginning of Bereznya 1942, an attempt was made to overcome convoys PQ-12 and QP-8. PQ-12 Viyshov 1 Bereznya 1942 from the port in Iceland, and QP-8 at approximately the same hour from Murmansk. 5th Berezny "Tirpits" escorted three squadron destroyers, leaving the base and heading straight through the Ice Ocean to Vedmezhy Island. Due to the bad weather, the convoy could not be found, only one of the destroyers was discovered and sank the timber carrier "Izhora", which is part of the QP-8. 9th Birch "Tirpitz" was marked by flight from the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, and Admiral Otto Ciliax (named Otto Ciliax) decided to abort the cruise and turn back to base.

Operation Rösselsprung

At the end of 1942, the German command planned to destroy the Turpitz and the important cruisers Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper to attack the convoy PQ-17 (Plan Rösselsprung - “Ride on horseback”). Through the delays with the permission of the beginning of the operation (given especially by Hitler), access to the sea was achieved in less than 5 days. On this day, the battleship was attacked by the Radian submarine "K-21" under the command of M. A. Lunin. There was a burst of fire from four stern torpedo tubes. The crew was completely attentive to the result of the attack without warning, having felt 2 strong vibrations and a series of weak vibrations. Lunin, in his opinion, admitted that the vibrations are explained by the torpedoes hitting the battleship, at the same time admitting the likelihood that the torpedoes were sunk in one of the destroyers of the escort; At the headquarters of the submarine brigade, his testimony was interpreted as information about the sinking of the destroyer and the crippling of the battleship. In Russian and Russian memoirs, popular and journalistic literature, there are repeated assertions about the destruction of “Tirpitz” during the “K-21” attack, but there is no documentary evidence to support this assertion. The German ships missed the hit (and did not indicate the very fact of the attack); Almost the vibrations of current investigators are explained by the impact of torpedoes when they hit the ground and the distant vibrations of clay bombs thrown by ships to the convoy. Decades of Russian mass media have been publishing evidence for the corrosive version of the production of torpedoes (or torpedoes) K-21 before “Tirpitz”.

A short time later, the battleship was discovered by the British submarine Ansheikn. Until this moment, it became clear that the convoy had already been dismissed and Tirpits had turned back. Convoy PQ-17, disbanded and abandoned without protection through the threat of “Tirpitz”, was heavily damaged by air and submarine attacks.

Operation Sizilien

In the spring of 1943, Operation Sizilien ("Sicily") was carried out - a raid on Spitsbergen. German troops landed on the island behind artillery support from the battleships "Tirpitz" and "Scharnhorst" and nine destroyers. The Germans occupied the island from 6 spring to 9 spring 1943. Operation Sizilien was a single operation, since the “Tirpits” fired at the enemy with its guns (attacked on the enemy’s ships without taking a fatal shot).

Operations against "Tirpitz"

The British launched attacks on the Tirpitz even before waking hours and did not attack them, the docks did not sink the battleship.

Operation Title

30-31 June 1942. Try to find "Tirpitz" for the help of ceramic-coated underwater vehicles under the code name "Chariot" - (English: Chariot), which were torpedoes, ceramic-coated people. The property was delivered to the Tirpitsa parking lot by secret towing in a submerged position behind the fishing boat Arthur (captain - Leif Larsen).

On the 30th of June, the boat with torpedoes in tow managed to sail to the Trondheimsfjord. When it was no more than 15 miles (24 km) to the Tirpitsa parking lot, a strong wind had risen and the wind had risen. On the 31st of June, at about 22-00, a loud screeching sound came out behind the stern. "Arthur" sailed to the nearest harbor, where the diver discovered the loss of both torpedoes. At this point, it was less than 10 miles to Tirpits. The boat was flooded and the team went to the Swedish cordon.

The Germans later discovered the sinking of the boat and, after clearing, they returned to the rescue, which was assigned to a special operation.

Operation Source

Spring 1943: the first successful operation against Tirpitz. For the attack, submarines of the “Ex” class (English X) were used. Most of the mini-ships were towed by emergency submarines. Of the six small underwater ships, attack the "Tirpits" with three: X5 (Lt. Henty-Creer), X6 (Lt. Donald Cameron) and X7 (Lt. Basil Place). Choven X5 was discovered and sunk, and X6 and X7 were dropped under the battleship with almost 2-ton mines filled with amotol. After this, the enemy was also revealed, and their teams were completely destroyed. Regardless of the revealed unsafety, Tirpits could not leave the parking lot until the last minute. The vibration caused serious damage to the battleship: the frames in the bow were damaged and one of the turbines was damaged. The tower “C” with a weight of about 2000 tons was thrown up the hill and when it fell, the shoulder strap jammed. The vipravity of the posture of the doc appeared awkwardly. In addition, all distant worlds and fire control went well. After the damage was removed, the battleship was in good health for six months, and its maximum speed has changed significantly.

For the success of the operation, the capitals of the mini-submarine ships X6 and X7 were awarded the Victoria Crosses - the most important military towns of the British Empire.

Operation Tungsten

Until the beginning of 1944, “Tirpits” was undergoing repairs and became unsafe again. In response to this threat, the British fleet launched an operation code-named “Tungsten”. Significant forces of the fleet took part in the attack, including: two battleships, two attack aircraft carriers, two escort aircraft carriers, two cruisers and sixteen destroyers. The attack began on the 3rd quarter, before the Tirpitsa went out for testing after repairs.

The raid consisted of two Fairey Barracuda torpedo bombers accompanying the Vinishchuva escort. The attacking planes carried not torpedoes, but bombs of various types: armor-piercing, clay, high-explosive and fragments. Persha Hvilya was in charge of the blow at 05:30. By 08:00 the attack was completed: three flights had been spent. "Tirpits" cost 123 killed and 300 wounded. The armored hull was not damaged, but the superbuds were filled with significant damage, as they waited three months for repairs.

Operations Planet, Brawn, Tiger Claw and Mascot

"Tirpitz", as before, having lost the threat, the British Admiralty continued planning operations against him. However, due to the bad weather in the winter of 1944, fate had to deal with three events: operations Planet, Brawn and Tiger Claw.

The attack from the enemy aircraft carriers (Operation Mascot) took place in late 1944. However, up to this hour the Germans had organized an all-out defense, especially a smoke-screen system, and as a result the attack ended unsuccessfully: the attacking planes did not achieve a hit.

Operations Goodwood I, II, III and IV

Toryshny sickle 1944 "Tirpits" was found during sea trials. Shortly after this, the British began to fight again (Operations Goodwood I and Goodwood II), which ended in vain due to bad weather.

Operations Paravane, Obviate and Catechism

Operation Paravane (English paravan) was launched by the Royal UPS of Great Britain on June 15 from the base of Yagidnik near Arkhangelsk. Avro Lancaster aircraft were armed with 5-ton Tallboy bombs and experimental 500-pound (230 kg) underwater "walking" mines. Regardless of Dimov’s curtain, which was placed for the protection of Tirpitz, one of the bombs ended up hitting the bow of the ship, killing it dead. The Germans were practically unable to put Tirpitz in dry dock for repairs, so the battleship was transferred to Tromsø as a floating artillery battery in response to the Allied invasion that was about to take place in Norway. The new location of the ship was already within the reach of the captured fleet from Scotland, and the British continued their attacks on the new one, not knowing about the Germans’ decision not to recapture the ship.

On the 28th, a raid on Tirpitz was launched from the base of Lossiemouth, Scotland, called Operation Obviate - but at the end of the day the ship was left in the dark, and one Tallboy bomb, having exploded, was destroyed. Like the ship, the propeller shaft was bent.

The next day, on November 12, 1944, at the hour of Operation Catechism (English catechism; add), there was no cloud of darkness or gloom over Tirpitz. The ship was hit by 3 Tallboy bombs: one bounced off the turret armor, and two others pierced the armor and opened a 200-foot (61 m) hole in the port side, which caused a fire and a rupture in the powder magazine, which caused I write "S". As a result, Tirpitz sank at the end of Tromsø, in Hockeybotn Bay, through several hulls after the attack, bringing with it 1000 men from the crew to the bottom in 1700.

For reasons that were not fully understood, the Luftwaffe was unable to overcome the bombing. The German PPO managed to damage the engine of one of the pilots who took part in Sweden, but his team turned around, landing “horribly” near Sweden. As a result of this failure, the commander of the Luftwaffe in Norway, Major Heinrich Ehrler, was given unimportant charges and sentenced to death, replaced by three fates of being convicted and sent to the front.

The impoverished Tirpitz left the remaining serious threat to the allies on the surface of the deep Atlantic. This made it possible to transfer the main forces - battleships and aircraft carriers - from the European region, where they flowed as stream forces, - to the Indian and Pacific oceans, where they took part in combat operations against Japan.

After the war

After the war, Tirpitz's tricks were sold and broken up locally to a Norwegian company. May the whole ship be cut up and taken away. However, a significant part of the bow of the Tirpitz is lost there, having sunk in 1944. In addition, the power generators from the ship were used as a temporary power station, providing electricity to the fishery near the place of Honningsvåg (Norwegian: Honningsvåg).

Not far from the flooding site of Tyrpica there are small lakes that appeared in the wake of the Tallboy bomb explosions (with a weight of over 5 tons), but were not sunk to the target. All parts of the battleship are being repaired by the Norwegian Road Department (Vegvesenet) as a temporary road surface for repair work. Several parts of the battleship were melted down into brooches and other jewelry. In addition, a significant part of the armor plating is preserved at the Royal Navy Museum “Explosion!” (“Vibuh!”) at Gosport, Hampshire.

Tirpitz is another Bismarck-class battleship, which enters the Kriegsmarine warehouse

From Great Britain, and German sailors are taking away the world's largest fleet. As a result, the most powerful ships of their time were created, the “Bismarck” and the “sistership” - the battleship “Tirpitz”. The share of the rest is discussed here.

The concept of German battleships

Amid the capture of German ships from distant raids on the great trade communications of England during the hour of the First World War, the German admirals prepared the new fleet as a “raider”. They respected that the ship, with its high speed, great power reserve and armored structure, would be able to withstand an entire enemy squadron, and would be a good “thrust” for the enemy’s trade routes. And a fleet of such ships could immediately block the enemy’s naval communications. Based on this concept, the battleship "Tirpits" was designed, which, in essence, was an "overgrown cruiser", and with a total of 380 mm projectiles "Tirpits" could fire 800 logram shells beyond the horizon (35.5 km.) . ), and for its speed (30.8 knots) and voyage range (9000 nautical miles) it is unmatched by ships of a similar class.

Comparison with other ships

As has already been said, the battleship "Tirpitz" was inspired by the concept of a cruiser, and for its important progress and powerful hulls it was paid for with armor and the survivability of the ship. “Tirpitz” and “Bismarck” are simultaneously called not the weakest ships in the history of mankind, and now many of their companions have surpassed the “Germans” both in armor and in design, without seeming so You need to have virility, as a great protector. Richelieu, South Dakota, the Italian Litorio and the Japanese Yamato were clearly weakened battleships. The glory of the German ships was given by fascist propaganda and the vindication of the English fleet, which lost its flagship in the battle with the Bismarck, and then spent the entire war chasing after the Tirpitz. In the image below you can see the battleship "Tirpitz" - the photograph was taken at a station in Norway.

Boyowa service

The Kriegsmarine's plans were not destined to go ahead. The attempt to break through the communication gate ended in the sinking of the battleship Bismarck, and the Germans did not attempt any more similar attempts. Before that, the underwater forces and naval aviation miraculously coped with the poverty of the convoys. The battleship "Tirpitz" took part in only one, perhaps ineffective, military operation - a campaign to Spitsbergen in 1942. After this, throughout the war, the English fleet, aviation and special forces were built up to a new extent. For the English ranks, the depletion of the battleship became a fixed idea, Churchill famously calling it a “beast.” Just his presence on the coast of Norway led the British to take part in naval convoys near Rivne. We can also say that the battleship “Tirpits”, having worked a lot, didn’t worry about anything.

The death of the battleship

At the fall of the 44th year, the British still managed to get to the battleship. On the 12th leaf fall, having stopped the anti-aircraft defense, 32 Lancasters dropped their 4500-kilogram bombs on the ship. Several large bombs fell onto her deck, their booms detonating the battleship's ammunition, spilling over and sinking.

Attack of the German battleship "Tirpitz" by the Radian submarine "K-21" 5 June 1942 This is one of the most controversial episodes in the history of the Radian Navy during the Great Vietnamese War. The essence of the discussion comes down to nutrition: having attacked the commander of K-21, captain 3rd rank N.A. Lunin "Tirpits" with a torpedo. With the light hand of the marine painter V.S. As an evidence base, there are various indirect statements about the innocence of the German sailors when maintaining combat documentation - even if the fact of torpedoing is unacceptable, the torpedo will be categorically denied. Let’s try, abstracting from the “political” world, analyze the “K-21” attack from the perspective of tactics and technology.

"K-21" began service with the Naval Fleet on September 10, 1941. At the beginning of the war, their crew did not undergo a formal combat training course, being surrounded by buildings other than those entering the KPL-41 submarine training course. From November 7, 1941 to January 28, 1942, under the command of Lieutenant-Captain A.A. The beetle submarine carried out two combat campaigns on enemy communications in order to save Pivnichny Norway, during which there were 8 combat battles, killing 4 torpedoes and 1 artillery attack, 2 m other productions, having sunk a Norwegian motorboat with artillery fire, Tim no less, the actions of the submarine commander the command was assessed as unsatisfactory, as a result of which the new commander on 4.3.1942 was awarded Hero of the Radyansky Union (the title was awarded by decree of 3.4.1942 for the successful command of “Shch-421”) Captain 3rd rank N.A. Lunin. Under his command in the spring of 1942. “K-21” carried out 1 combat campaign (today, 1 unsuccessful torpedo attack was launched) and 1 campaign to provide assistance to the submarine ship “Shch-402”.

18.6.1942 “K-21” left the fourth combat campaign for operations on German communications near the Vardo area. Vranz on the 19th, the submarine became aware of the rapt attacks of the hostile hydrolitak. As a result of the nearby explosions of the bombs he dropped, the damaged main of the waste tank and the Kingston liquid tank were damaged. After about an hour of swimming under the water, the differentiation of the underwater area was gradually destroyed. On the 28th, in accordance with the plan to cover the allied convoy PQ-17, “K-21” took a position on the seashore near the island of Rolwe. Behind the charge of a single discovery on the 1st day, there were no other contacts with the enemy in the new position.

ON THE. Lunin

About 16.22 5 linden, when “K-21” was in a submerged position, the hydroacoustic on the nose detected unclear noises. Having set a course for the dzherelo noise, the shift officer at about 17.00 spotted at the periscope the cabin of the enemy’s “underwater ship”, which, as the guard showed, was the site of one of the two destroyers of the lead guard of the German squadron. Immediately after the discovery of the “submarine,” Lunin took charge of the ship and launched a torpedo attack.

According to German documents, at the time of discovery the squadron was heading 30° west of the 24th Vulture. The great ships were in front, to the right, "Admiral Hipper", "Tirpitz", "Admiral Scheer". In front of them, one destroyer and two destroyers crashed along the front line, each forming an irregular zigzag. The PLO order was obtained using the float hydraulic jet Non-115.

Battleship "Tirpits"

The torpedo attack was complicated by the following factors:

• Vinyatkovo with good minds of visibility and small (2-3 points) praises, with which the breaker from the raised periscope can be seen from a great distance;
• A close approach to the beginning of the attack of two destroyers and an underwater vessel at a distance of 20-50 kbt;
• The commander of “K-21” (as well as any other commander of the Radian submarine fleet) is aware of the attack on targets that are rapidly collapsing, with strong defense;
• Neznannyam N.A. Let us look at the useful capabilities of German hydroacoustic equipment and the anti-tank armor, and the battles that have fallen, as a legacy, for the share of the ship and crew.

It was all difficult to use the periscope for short periods of time, which made it possible to organize sufficient caution around the area. It is clearly confirmed by these facts that one of the three great German ships (perhaps the furthest away from the K-21, the Scheer), carried out the entire attack without ever being seen, and the other, the X ipper", navpaki, bp_recognized as "Sheer".

"Tirpitz", "Hipper" and destroyers in Altenfjord

Mentally, the K-21 attack can be divided into five phases:

1. 17.00–17.18. Maneuvering to attack the defense destroyer. The phase ended with the discovery of the goldfinches of the great warships.
2. 17.18-17.36. The submarine embarks on the general course of the squadron to attack with its bows on the port side of the water. The phase ended with the discovery of a change in the squadron's course from 60° to a course of 330° (the values ​​of the headings will be set with certainty until Lunin is informed; the change in course is not confirmed by German materials). The incorrect results of these precautions led to the fact that the underwater vessel had a chance to fire a salvo from an almost invisible position - from the stern torpedo tubes on courses that were about to diverge.
3. 17.36–17.50. The K-21 set off on the squadron’s “new” general course to attack with bow craft on the starboard side of the snow. The phase ended with the announcement that the squadron had “changed course” from 330° to the old course of 60°. As a result of the alert at 17.50, Lunin noticed that Choven appeared in the distance directly behind the course "Tirpitz" (course point 5-7 on the port side) at a distance of 35-40 kbt. An attack with nasal devices is impossible.
4. 17.50–18.01. Exit of the submarine on the course "Tirpitz" to attack with stern devices from the left side of the mark. At about 17.55, the K-21 broke through the squadron’s forward defense line. The phase ended with a torpedo salvo.
5. 18.01–19.05. Exit from the attack - heading towards the squadron on a counter course at a depth of 30 m.

Scheme of the Tirpitz attack K-21 behind Yuan

The torpedo salvo deserves special credit. According to Lunin's reports, four aft torpedo tubes were vibrating at a distance of 18-20 kbt, at a time interval of 4 seconds, with a forward slope of 28°, vugillae - 100°. The speed of the snow was 22 knots, and the reference course was 60°. It is clear from German materials that at the time of the attack the squadron was sailing 24 knots at a heading of 90°. Such a significant loss of the designated elements of the rukhu meti (EDC) was explained by corporal factors, as well as by this situation, so that after just a short hour of lifting the periscope, the EDC was appointed by the commander of “K-21” nearby. The volley shot at the same hour interval ensured the suppression of losses in the designated unit only in these cases, as long as the reduction in the designated rate did not exceed 10°, and in the designated speed – 2 knots. The track should be marked and those that are consistent with the entire table for Lunin, the track should be shot at an interval of not 4, but 14 seconds. Having chosen a smaller interval, the commander, perhaps, trying to speed up the hour of being on the combat course and moving to the depths.

Scheme of the "Tirpitz" K-21 attack according to Omelyanov

Another negative aspect was the great distance, from which the underwater fire fired a salvo. Since at the moment of the salvo the ship and the battleship were approximately perpendicular to each other, and the distance was 18-20 kbt, then the torpedoes were unlikely to travel close to 18.5-19 kbt. In fact, through a rough comparison with the values ​​of the true course, the K-21 and Tirpitz met courses that diverged, and where the sustriches were inclined not 100, but close to 130°. With this, the torpedoes needed to travel close to 23.8 kbt. The maximum range of torpedoes 53-38 with the setting of the mode, such as shooting chauvin, became 4000 m (21.6 kbt). The shooting from such a distance became a direct legacy of the wrong choice of combat course, which was explained by the haste with which Lunin had to change the decision to attack about 17.50-17.53. Please note that the instructions of the Navy PC No. 0219 dated 10.3.1942 “Rules for firing torpedoes from underwater ships” were introduced to fire at a distance of 16-20 kbt on a ship that is collapsing in the thick waters h above 90°. There is no doubt that in Lunin’s situation there would be any chance that there would be any chance, but the commander’s agility alone is not enough to ensure the success of the attack.

Scheme of the "Tirpitsya" K-21 attack outside Morozov.

In total, all the mistakes and thefts could not but lead to a negative result - the K-21 torpedoes sank, having passed the border distance without changing the course of the mark. Those bumps that were felt on April 18, were probably the result of the firing of torpedo strikers when they hit the rocky bottom after passing the border distance, and at about 18.30 - the bumps of clay bombs of German destroyers, rushed at the British submarine that appeared before the attack. Coming directly from the fluidity of the German squadron, it can be confirmed that the vibrations of the torpedoes on the bottom could not be recorded on the German ships by either visual or hydroacoustic monitoring. Therefore, the information about the K-21 attack was intercepted by the enemy only in the evening until the German radio reconnaissance had found the location of the transmission.

In conclusion, I would like to reiterate once again that the “K-21” attack was carried out in the clear minds of the situation by the same crew, which was prepared and released the KPL and was able to obtain military evidence. Popritse M.A. Lunin and his companions demonstrated great courage by daring to launch an attack on the largest Kriegsmarine warship, which was facing the tight defense of the army. This achievement is even more noteworthy because of the fact that no other Radian submarine force has been able to launch an attack on a warship larger than the destroyer, despite the potential possibility until then.

Miroslav Morozov

The article was published in addition to the book by Malov A. and Patyanin S. “Battleship “Bismarck” and “Tirpitz”.
To compile the article, materials from the author and materials from the sites kbismarck.com, wiesel.wlb-stuttgart.de, uboat.net were used.