Golovna People's estates Characteristics of the concept of contemporary Russian literary language (municipal features, international status and patterns of language development). Literary language is a written form of language, which is characterized by its structure.

Characteristics of the concept of contemporary Russian literary language (municipal features, international status and patterns of language development). Literary language is a written form of language, which is characterized by its structure.

E.A. Zemstvo points to such trends in the development of current Russian:

- The pool of participants in mass and collective communication is expanding sharply.
- It’s rapidly weakening, one might say it’s collapsing, censorship and autocensorship.
- A special ear of language is growing, the dialogue between speech and writing.
- The sphere of spontaneous spilkuvaniya is expanding as a special, and universally, huge thing.
- The important parameters of the flow of established forms of mass communication are changing: the possibility of indiscriminate brutalization of those who speak to those who hear, and a back-and-forth between those who speak, is created.
-- The situation and genre of songwriting is changing both in the public sphere and in the private communication space. The rigid framework of the official community gathering is weakening. There are a lot of new genres of verbal public discourse emerging in the sphere of mass communication (various conversations, discussions, round tables, new types of interviews, etc.).
- There appears to be a lot of new things in the sphere of special gatherings between unknown people. Changes between subjects, what can I say.
- Psychological hostility to the bureaucratic language of the past (newspeak) is growing sharply.
- There appears to be a desire to develop new modes of expression, new forms of imagery, new types of animality to the unknown.
- The order of people naming new objects indicates a revival of the naming of those objects that come from the past, buried and thrown into the era of totalitarianism.
-- The syntactic behavior of everyday language is changing, especially sharply in the sphere of management and other types of business.
- The lack of preparation of public language conduct, often before the acquisition of old norms, leads to a tendency towards the development of the foundations of the language system. The intonation of the oral hymn is changing.

The main trends in the development of the current Ukrainian language can be summarized as follows:

- The current Russian marriage is in progress change in the suspense-political paradigm, in order for the system to understand what the system of political values means in marriage.
- The Russian marriage has been restored change in the communicative paradigm, which is the dominant type of spilting in spilting practice. The most noticeable legacy of the change in the communicative paradigm in marriage is a number of mutually related processes that have emerged in the Russian one. These processes are as follows: oralization of spilting; dialogue dialogue; pluralization of sputtering; personification spilkuvaniya.

Oralization of sulfurization manifests itself in a significant role of thought, expanded functions, and greater parts of sulfurization.

Dialogization is manifested in a large part of the dialogue in the conversation, a subordinated role to dialogue in the communication process, and expanded functions of dialogical thinking in the structure of the joint venture. interpretation, the development of new types of creatures and forms of dialogue, the formation of new rules for dialogical aggregation, the increased efficiency of dialogical aggregation versus monologue.

Pluralization of discussion is manifested in the formed tradition of bringing different points of view to the table while discussing these and other problems.

Personification of spelkuvaniya lies in the large individual uniqueness of the special discourse.

The designated processes will give an initial input to the development of the Russian language and lead to numerous private inheritances and changes. Characterizing from this point of view the system of Russian language as a whole, it can be stated that in a number of aspects it recognizes significant, clear and functional changes, but does not recognize any revolution of these changes (the greater the risk of destruction or disintegration), preserving the systemic structural integrity, stable nature of functioning and internal identity.

19.10.2011

Russian language itself is a decline of secular civilization. As Mikola Gogol wrote, the Russian writers “did good to those who spread sweetness, until unprecedented times... Our poetry tried all the chords, was inspired by the literature of all peoples, listened to the lyres of all poets, gained every universal language in order to prepare everyone before servant of the greater." The Russian language 50 years ago became the first one to sound in space. However, in the 1990s, Russia was actually punished.

There were only a few people who knew Russian language at the end of the 1980s. Almost 350 million people were converted to Russian. Moreover, 290 million of them lived in the Russian Union, where Russia was a sovereign state and for most of its inhabitants it was home. The other half of the 20th century became the period of the greatest expansion of the Russian language and Russian culture throughout the world, and the Russian language turned into one of the leading world languages, which was popular among all the world's largest related organizations. Today it is one of the six official UN organizations. The Russian was a universal means of communication within the framework of the Warsaw Pact for the sake of mutual economic assistance, which brought into its orbit dozens of countries of Northern Europe, Northern Asia, Whom at once, Pivnichnoy and Pivdenno-West Africa and the direction of Latin America. The USSR was a great exporter of modern services. In 36 countries, dozens of large primary foundations were created, hundreds of vocational education centers, schools, technical colleges, which were laid out by the Russian Federation.

The collapse of the USSR caused a serious blow to the Russian position. The number of your noses has decreased significantly. Russian is one of the great movements that not only lost its positions with the world over the last 20 years, but lost them vigorously. At this time, Russian language is popular for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, and perhaps for 25 million residents of the republics of the Commonwealth of Independent Powers and the Baltic States, for seven million and residents of distant foreign countries. Almost 160 million people respect my native Russian language. And I also mean a number of people, exactly the number of whom it is important to establish, the Russian Volodya, like any other, is important in the countries of the SND and the Baltics. There may still be close to 130-150 million people.

With the step of expansion of the Russian language, we are still in our heels, because most of the place is in the world, it is important to note how many people live in the Russian language, as well as in the first foreign language.

The area of greatest expansion of the Russian Federation beyond the borders of the Russian Federation is the Friendship of the Independent Powers, where their positions are preserved. It is important to note that over the last two decades, this period of stagnation has rapidly diminished. Today we are talking about status. Status, apparently, can be either formal or informal.

There, where Russian language is sovereign, its share does not cause great concern. First of all, Belarus and the newly created powers - Pivdennaya Ossetia and Abkhazia, where the Russian language is also deafened by the power. A remarkably friendly climate for Russians exists in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and in regions of Moldova such as Transnistria and Gagauzia. Here the Russian language has the status of official or in fact it is so. Kazakhstan, the sovereign Kazakh language, adopted a law in the mid-1990s that equated the Russian language in all official spheres with a sovereign one. In addition, in Kazakh schools, Russian language is combined with Kazakh and English languages. In other countries of the Union of Friendship, Russian language has a lower status. This is either an international language, such as in Moldova, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, or a national minority language, such as in Ukraine, or a foreign language, such as in the Baltic countries.

The status of the sovereign language through, outside of Belarus, assignment to the national language. As a result, Russian language is progressively moving away from the suspense-political, lordly life, from the knowledge of culture and the characteristics of mass information. In addition, it is important to complete the active dismantling of the Russian lighting system. Due to the Radian period, the number of schools with Russian origins changed in the SND and Baltic countries by an average of 2-3 times. Once again, Belarus is deprived of the only culprit here.

Є powers in the SND, which do not conduct any business with the Russian mayor. This, for example, is Turkmenistan, where there are only two Russian schools.

In the 1990s, Europe's convergence with Russia became a disaster. In many countries, Russian language has been completely excluded from the school education system. You may not be able to learn it at school, like other foreigners in the Ugric region, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia. Just as at the end of the 1980s, close to a million students studied Russian language at the universities of Converging Europe, today there are more than 25 thousand in the departments of Russian studies. The number of people who speak Russian in this region is now about 20 million people.

As a positive trend, I would consider a rapid increase in interest in Russian language starting from the 2000s. Significantly this is due to the fact that in the past there has been a sharp anti-Russian reaction and a lot of concerns. Pragmatism emerged. The countries of similar Europe need more competitive people to know the Russian language. The Russian language is being reinvigorated in the Baltics, where representatives of the titular nationality - Estonians, Latvians - are speaking again, because for them this is a serious competitive advantage.

In Western Europe, which has grown up in Western Europe, the interest in Russian language and in Russia has been steadily declining since the 1990s. During the hours of the Radyansky Union and the Cold War, there were great programs of financial surveillance in Russia - through the ministries of defense, foreign policy departments, and intelligence. After the collapse of the USSR, radiology ceased to be funded, becoming a massive outflow from this area of specialties. In the 1990s, there was a major trend - a change in the number of those who used Russian language and started Russia in initial mortgages. The situation is changing, the number of schools and classes is increasing due to the decay of the Russian language. The leader of this process is Germany, where at least 150 thousand children study Russian in foreign-world schools, and then France, England and Austria follow the great ones. At the very beginning of Western Europe, the Russian language will be started by approximately 30 thousand students and postgraduate students, especially in Germany, France and Great Britain. We are successfully passing through the crossroads of Russia and Italy, Russia and Spain, which demonstrate the growing interest in Russian language and culture in Western Europe. According to the recent survey of the huge idea of the Eurobarometer, 6% of the inhabitants of the European Union declared knowledge of the Russian language, as many as Spanish (or rather English, German and French).

In Asia, the largest part of the world in terms of population, the Russian language is much less widespread. During the SRSR in all of Asia, I turn off the Arabic world for now, the Russians included approximately 5.5 million people. Nini – close to four million. For example, in the 1980s, Russian and foreign forces dominated in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Laos and Mongolia. In the 1990s, in most of these countries, the Russian language, as a result of international communication, gave way to the English one. Mongolia, the Russian Federation, as before, has no responsibility for the blame in a large number of lighting installations.

And the powers in which the Russian one does not understand as a primary subject in the school system. This is Afghanistan, Indonesia, the largest Muslim country in the world, with a population of 240 million people. Do not teach Russian in schools in Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. This has been the case since recent times, including with the additional fund “Russian World”, and with several major initial deposits in Indonesia and the Philippines. Russian studies is also achieving success in China, which recently reached its 300th mark there. The number of schools and universities is growing to teach the Russian language, which is required from high-profile citizens. It is growing in the Celestial Empire and in a number of centers of our fund; they have already appeared in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Changchun, Guangzhou, Macau. Although, of course, 300 thousand schoolchildren and 20 thousand students who study Russian are a drop in the sea of Chinese students (there are more schoolchildren there, less than the entire population of the Russian Federation). In total, at the highest level of Asia, Russia there are more than 200 thousand students and postgraduate students, and of them, about 15 hundred are studying as their main specialty.

At a close gathering, in Eastern Africa in the Arab world, the main Russians were graduates of Russian and Russian universities. There are over 200 thousand graduates of our universities there. Of these, 100 thousand from Syria, 40 thousand from Yemen, 30 thousand from Libya, 15 thousand from Jordan and 10 thousand from Egypt. In these countries, Russian language is popular, and a lot of it comes from tourism. All resorts on the Red Sea require staff who know the Russian language. In addition, tens of thousands of Radyan and Russian wives who married Arab citizens can be traced back to the Russian language and culture in the Arab world. Their children also know Russian. There are approximately 300 thousand Russian people living in the Arab world.
One more corner of the region cannot but be restored. Here, as Volodymyr Visotsky’s song says, “our people are a quarter of a dozen.” In Israel, there are almost two million people seeking Russian money. The problem lies in the fact that Russian language in school can be taught as if it were a foreign language.

In Africa, on the day before the Sahara, until the 1990s, the Russian currency was distributed in about 40 countries, mainly in these initial mortgages, which were and where our fakhivs worked. In many African countries, the Russian infection is present in several lyceums, schools, universities - in Egypt, Malaya and Senegal. There are about 120 thousand people in the Russian Volodya, of which about 100 thousand are graduates of our universities.

In the mid-term elections before the US Congress in the fall of last year, the election ballots in the state of New York were for the first time headed by the Russian language, which became official in the state. In total, close to one million Russians, Russians, people live in New York City and its surroundings. In the United States of America, according to my estimates, there are 4.5 million people, so they still use Russian language. They will live in the great New York area, near California, on the Middle East. There are already a lot of lighting installations that post Russian language. There are about 3,000 schools (no wonder, the largest number is in Texas) and colleges, about 200 universities. It should be noted that in the United States the Russian minority appears to be the largest. According to the latest census, people who said that they are very Russian, have a lower income level than the average in the United States of America. Of all the national groups in the United States, the Russians themselves turned out to be the most powerful.

Canada has fewer Russians, there is a large Ukrainian diaspora, but it’s practical not to say Russian. There are almost a million people who know Russian language. There are nearly a million people in all 30 countries of New America. Before us are the graduates of our universities, as well as the Russian diaspora. In addition, for 20 years the Russians were the most widespread foreigners in Cuba, where a large number of people were living with them.

Zrestoju, Australia. There are close to 160 thousand Russians here. The first wave of emigration left China, and after the huge war, many more soldiers and officers of the White Guard, Kolchakites, appeared. After the victory of the Chinese revolution and the rise of Mao Zedong to rule, the White Guards and their forces began to flow from China. A significant part of them moved to Australia. In the 1990s, the fate there was driven by the great number of our spivitch workers, who deprived the country of economic difficulties and a wave of soft thoughts in the minds.

Well, the world of the Russian world is great, but it will soon pass away. It’s sad, today’s trend is changing.

Russian language, as it is, is expressed in approximately 100 countries. 79 have academic university programs, 54 have pre-school programs. The Russian language will no longer be re-examined on the sovereign level in Ukraine, as was the case under the previous administration. In Virmenia, knowledge of the Russian language has become a compulsory basis for entering advanced universities. In the Baltics, representatives of indigenous nationalities are once again embracing the Russian language, which offers the best life prospects. In Bulgaria, the Russian language has become different due to the number of schoolchildren and students who are studying it, although they have not recently entered the top ten. Poland, on the other hand, has a warmer climate - the same, after the English and before the German. At the resorts of Turkey, Egypt, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hainan, they always speak Russian in Russian, as do the closest shops on Bond Street near London, and on the Rue Saint-Honorie in Paris. In Cyprus, the Russian language is already in circulation.

It is clear how the mood in Russia is changing. We should not look at it as much as an enemy or a problem, we should look at it more and more as the possibility of a mutually beneficial economic innovation that will embed cultural constriction into a unique civilized layer. And this means that as soon as the position of the Russian language and culture has become increasingly important, the world will experience even worse results.

The status of the Russian language in most countries has not been determined

16 years have passed since the collapse of the USSR. In addition to the strength of ideological and power cordons, a single Constitution and currency, other necessary attributes of sovereignty, at that historical stage of the founding of the power, a key factor in the development of historical, cultural and social their connections, the realization of the potential of the peoples who live together, inhabited the great country, which was united cultural space, foundations, significant world, Russian and my culture, which were tied with invisible threads of discord, sometimes polar interests of the inhabitants of the union for ten years.

The new powers, which had established themselves on the territory of the great Radiansky Union, hastily tried to legitimize their status - the status of strengthened and independent lands and soon achieved success in this. After the hasty writing and praise of the Constitution, the withdrawal of international legal recognition, a period of independence began, and, at times, a recovery from everything that was connected with the country that disintegrated. The elites of the new independent powers realized that it would be extremely difficult to end the Union without breaking up the old cultural decline.

For these very reasons, the central stone in the foundations of government policy in Galusa, the national culture of all the many union republics, has become implemented in legislation, a system of changes to the status of the Russian language and its role in the national National culture and inter-national spilting. In this case, the majority of the new independent powers forced these processes, fearing the actual significance of Russian language and culture and the strong presence of Russian and Russian people on their territory.

At the same time, practically in every new independent state, the norms of laws about the sovereign language were actively adopted and enforced, which led to the actual demarcation of the sphere of stagnation of the Russian language and the flow of the Russian population.

This orientation of international policy is not unique, it is called “mobilized linguisticism, which is ideology, practice and ethnopolitical activity, directly directed at the national level. ї power for the further approval of the status of a power language as the basis of national revival, as well as the implementation of personnel policy, leading to the establishment ethnomonono in Vladi" .

Obviously, it is important for young powers to be calm in imposing natural assimilation on the non-titular population. As a result, a significant part of the population of these countries has to change their union with power and marriage. It is important to note that we are talking about the great people of these powers (and not the people without the great people of many countries, the displaced migrants and refugees), to whom the power is obliged to guarantee equal rights and fundamental freedoms, transferred to international law.

From the “Ethnological Dictionary”, State language– this is a language that both this and other powers have been legally given the status of obligatory for adoption, and that is rewarded with special support and turbocharged power with the method of expansion and development; My sovereign power includes the functioning of sovereign and civil bodies and organizations, the establishment of culture and education, the conduct of business, official listings, etc. The status of our sovereign nation is assumed to be granted to our “titular” nation, as with such a path it tries to strengthen its military base.”

Inheriting this logic, the sovereign languages of all the new independent powers became the languages of their titular nations.

The evidence “Russian language in the new independent powers” widely provides evidence of legislative regulation of the status and position of the Russian language in the law of each new independent state. The authors did not deliberately provide information about legal nutrition and other significant information about the formation of the Russian language in the various republics of the single power. For your convenience, here is a short summary about the status of Russian skin care.

Azerbaijan. The status of Russian language has not been determined; in fact, Russian language has the function of interethnic language.

Virmenia. Russian status has not been determined. The Law “On Language” of 1993 guarantees “the freedom of speech of national minorities”. In 1998, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities was ratified.

Belarus. The status of Russian was enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus in 1994, and it is recognized by the sovereign mandate of the Belarusians.

Article 11 of the Union Treaty between Russia and Belarus states that the official treaties of the allied power and the participating powers are without prejudice to the constitutional status of their respective powers.

Georgia. Russian status has not been determined. However, Georgia ratified the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities.

In unknown Abkhazia, Abkhazian language has the status of a sovereign, and Russian language has the status of “the language of the “sovereign” and other institutions,” and in Pivdennaya Ossetia it is official.

Kazakhstan. Russian status has not been determined. According to Article 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1995, “power organizations and bodies of local self-government on a par with the Kazakh my official vikorist the Russian.”

Kyrgyzstan. Russian language has the status of official language, consistent with Article 5 of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic of 2007 and the Law “On Official (Russian) Language of the Kyrgyz Republic” of 2000.

Latvia. Russian language was officially given the status of a foreign language according to the Law “On Sovereign Language” of 1999.

Lithuania. Russian status has not been determined. The Russian language has so far retained the function of the language of inter-ethnic language.

Moldova. The status of the Russian language is not determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova in 1994, but the law “on the functioning of languages in the territory of the Moldavian RSR” of 1989 continues in the country, hence Article 3 whom “Russian language and international language in the USSR are being developed on the territory of the republic next to the Moldavian “My goal is to create an inter-ethnic union that will ensure the development of a real national-Russian and Russian-national duality.”

The official languages on the territory of Gagauzia (autonomy at the warehouse of Moldova) are Moldavian, Gagauzian and Russian, and in the unknown Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (PMR) such are Russian, Moldavian and Ukrainian Inska.

Tajikistan. Based on the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan of 1994, Russian language has the status of an international language.

Turkmenistan. The status of the Russian language was not determined, until 1996 it was confirmed by the law “about language”.

Uzbekistan. Russian status has not been determined. The edition of the law on sovereign language until 1995 had little status for Russian language as an interethnic language. In fact, it represents the function of international sputtering.

Ukraine. The Russian language in Ukraine is composed of several statuses (one does not include the other): national minorities - under the Constitution of Ukraine, which guarantees “the strong development, vigor and protection of the Russian , other national minorities of Ukraine” (Article 10); inter-ethnic amalgamation - according to the law “about languages in the Ukrainian RSR”, which is similar to the Russian language for the “inter-ethnic amalgamation of peoples of the RSR”.

Estonia. The status of Russian is not determined by the Constitution of Estonia of 1992. It is clear that until the law “about language” of 1995, Russian language received the status of foreign language. Due to the fact that Estonia is part of the EU and recognizes all its fundamental legislative acts, including the protection of the rights of national minorities, the Russian language is deaf to my national minorities.

It is significant that the legislative status of the Russian language, which is de facto declared, can be assessed differently by the population.

In order to demonstrate the specificity of the public opinion in relation to the status of the Russian language, within the framework of the sociological research “The situation of the Russian language in the new independent powers (the countries of the SND and the Baltics),” respondents were asked to evaluate the possibility change the status of the Russian language. In countries where the Russian language has an equally high status (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan), respondents could have either maintained or decreased status. However, in other countries, the Russian language does not have official status and this status is low; respondents could be considered for saving the current position or for advancing the status of the Russian language (Fig. 1).

© Fund for Spadschina Eurasia, NP “Eurasian Monitor”

Malyunok 1. Assessment of the possibility of changing the status of the Russian

It was clear that in two countries - Belarus and Kyrgyzstan - where the Russian language has a high status (sovereign and official language, of course), the majority of the population cares about the need to preserve this status. The fact that the Zagal population of Kyrgyzstan does not have the potential to reduce the status of the Russian language is confirmed by the research of the El-Pikir Center for the Education of the Community Thought, which was carried out in 2006 in a number of regions of Kyrgyzstan. Based on the results obtained, 15.5% of those who rely on this and other measures support the reduction of the Russian official status, while the majority (83.7%) are important. I do not support such a decision.

However, in three countries - Lithuania, Georgia and Azerbaijan - the Russian language does not have official status, but the large population is important depending on the situation that has developed.

In other words, in these five countries there is a hope not only for the establishment of the Russian language, but also for the great idea that is indicative of the legislative practice that has actually taken shape.

Whose sense is the emergency situation in Virmenia. Here, the Russian language does not have official status, but what is important is that the majority of respondents were in favor of legislating the status of the Russian language.

In other countries, the status of Russian food is no longer controversial. This is most typical for Tajikistan and Ukraine. Here the marriage is maximally polarized: almost half of the population is in favor of advancing the status of the Russian language, while the other half is in favor of the idea that it is necessary to simply preserve the Russian language’s current status.

Latvia, Estonia, Kazakhstan and Moldova also have a similar year, but still the position is much more important that nothing needs to be changed in the legislation about the language. In other words, Latvia will be deprived of the foreign status of Russia, Moldova will be deprived of the status of interethnic origin, and in Kazakhstan and Estonia the same unimportant situation will be preserved. Prote, let us emphasize once again that we are not talking about the uniformity that has developed. Shvidshe, there is no evidence to indicate the advantage of one side in the dispute about the status of the Russian language. This fact is indirectly confirmed by other research. Thus, according to the data of the study in Kazakhstan, carried out in 2007, 42 hundreds of experiments suggest that by 2030, such a middle-class state will emerge in Kazakhstan, if all the inhabitants of the region, regardless of nationality, recognize the sovereign language Everywhere they are used in business and spilkuvanny. However, 37 hundreds of people regard this situation as inconceivable and impossible. How to believe that the dominant people in my opinion are respected in all spheres, according to the data of this investigation, the Russian one, which data can be interpreted as indicating the polarization of thoughts and the prospects for the status of the Kazakh, and Russian language from Kazakhstan.

In addition, it should be noted that food about the status of the language is more suitable for experts, and not for the general population, so the results of the experiment are clear, we should look at it in advance, which will require further clarification of that adjustment.

As a result of ongoing research, low trends in the development of the legal framework for the functioning of the Russian language have been revealed:

The legislation of an important majority of the new independent powers of the Russian language not assigned the status of a sovereign or official language, and prior to its stagnation and development, a system of legal guarantees was not established. The clearest and most consistent position of the legislator regarding the status of the language is Belarus, which has recognized the Russian language as a sovereign state. The legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic, which has recognized the Russian official language, has few legal guarantees for the protection of the peoples of Kyrgyzstan.
These lands, which in the 90s of the last century, due to the legislative inertia of the Radian period, gave the Russian status of “multi-national amalgamation”, various provisions of regulatory legal acts either they have already turned it on, or they are still at the stage of implementation of state programs aimed directly at the defense of the state language, and most often against the Russian language.

Set up to the Russian language, recorded in the legislation of the new independent powers, the song of peace is the legacy of the behind-the-scenes set up to the Russian politics and Russia, and not the citizens of their countries. Okrema, the most unpleasant policy in the Galusian legislation should be carried out in the Baltic and Transcaucasian countries. At this time, these powers are deprived of any information about the status of the Russian language, without even talking about the state’s programs for saving and development.

As a result of the policies carried out by most of the new independent powers, a significant reduction in the number of Russian schools, centers of Russian language and culture, and Russian cultural institutions is expected. , including others, which confirms the legal status of the Russian in these countries.
The legislation of the new independent powers most often has a system of norms about the legal formation and status of a sovereign language, to be replaced by the legislation of Russia. In these countries, legislation that contains provisions on the status of the Russian language, the interpretation of these norms often has a very sensitive and ambiguous character.

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Characteristics of the concept of contemporary Russian literary language (municipal features, international status and patterns of language development). Literary language is a written form of language, which is characterized by its structure.

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