Golovna Symptoms How to carry out PCR diagnostics Analysis using the PCR method. High sensitivity of investigation

How to carry out PCR diagnostics Analysis using the PCR method. High sensitivity of investigation

PLR (polymerase Lanzug reaction) is an achievement of molecular biology, one of the main methods of clinical laboratory diagnostics at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, which brings great harm to various patients of medical science.

In such a way, as in the middle of millions of cells of the human body, it is not the living virus itself that is destroyed, but only a part of its DNA, then the PLR, as it cannot be bothered, may be trying to avoid the task and inform about the presence of the “alien” "a positive result. The essence of the PLR is its main advantage.

Hydration and shortcomings

A laboratory that performs PLR diagnostics has a high need for the availability of test systems and the qualifications of medical personnel. This is a high-tech laboratory that has a well-ordered arsenal of highly sensitive and highly specific reagents, so there are no special shortages. Anything that shows a positive result in the absence of clinical manifestations and thus puts the doctor in front of a dilemma: should we begin treatment or not?

The doctor who cares for the patient begins to doubt the reliability of the test results, as long as there are no signs of illness. However, the high sensitivity of the PLR system is based on the memory that it reveals a wake-up call at the pre-clinical stage, and a positive result in this case is sooner than a year, not by a long shot. Based on this, the doctor is responsible for making his own decisions about the usefulness of therapy, taking into account other arguments “for” and “against”.

The advantages of diagnostics using the polymerase Lanziug reaction are obvious:

High specificity, which reaches 100%, is due to the presence in the sample of particles of nucleic acids that are powerful in a particular organism, or foreign to humans;
High productivity, and even PLR is a high-tech automated technique that makes it possible to conduct testing on the day of material collection and routinely treat the patient in case of any anxiety;
PLR, working on one breakdown, can carry out a series of investigations about reveal a number of holidays as if she would be such a treasure. For example, when diagnosing chlamydial infection, when PLR is applied to the main methods, in order to chlamydia, one can detect Neisser (gonococcus) - an alarmist. Moreover, there is no negative impact on the reliability of the results;
Testing using PLR method reveals unsafe microorganisms during the incubation period If the disease has not yet reached the end of the body, then early diagnosis anticipates the future development of the pathological process, which makes it possible to prepare for something new and accept it from the whole.

In addition, in order to eliminate the confusion that sometimes arises during diagnosis, PLR protects itself with the fact that its results can be recorded (photography, computer) using the method of vicorising them in experts for purposes that may be necessary.

The norm in PLR types is to value negative results, which indicates the presence of fragments of foreign nucleic acids, a positive evidence indicates the presence of infection in the body, digital values indicate the strength of the virus and its concentration at the time of testing. Proteo externally deciphered the analysis of this doctor, who has done a special study on the topic of “PLR”. There is no sense in trying to interpret the results on your own, since you can, what will happen to everything, misunderstand and start to boast.

What is the PLR afraid of, what can it do, and how can we prepare for it?

Like any other investigations, Sometimes the test results are either positive or negative, de PLR is not to blame. The following may occur in situations like this:

Disruption of the technological process to one of the stages of the reaction;
Nedotrimannya rules for the collection of material, its conservation and transportation;
The presence of third-party elements in the material.

That is to say, before PLR - diagnosis of infections, it is necessary to approach it respectfully, cautiously and accurately, otherwise the material may change its structure or completely collapse.

Stages of PLR diagnostics. Milkov's results may be disrupted at any stage of the investigation.

PLR diagnostics of infections falls into the category of “gold standards” among other laboratory methods, so they can be used to detect everyday illnesses of the rich, which at first glance do not suggest anything significant. like myself:

Tuberculosis of various localizations, pneumonia (including atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia);
Childhood infections (cow rubella, mumps, chirp);
Diphtheria;
Salmonella;
Zoonotic infectious disease - listeriosis (illness is characterized by a variety of symptoms due to damage to the lymph nodes, central nervous system, internal organs);
Illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis, etc.);
Oncological pathology, provoked by papilomavirus infection (IDP of this type);
Boreliosis (Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis);
Helicobacter pylori infection, caused by the microbe Helicobacter pylori, which lives in a person’s vulva. It has been proven that Helicobacter pylori causes the development of cancer of the scutum or 12-digit colon;
and practically everything.

PLR-diagnosis of infections that are transmitted by the state is especially important when the fragments of illness, screaming in this manner, often pass for a difficult hour without any clinical manifestations, then, when the severity begins, the activity begins. be called and, in such a manner, threaten the health and ruin the life of the child . Use i in the same way. Actions from them (“torch”) are set up immediately and up to ІПШ, then the rest require the report’s consideration. You can learn more about the most popular methods in the following sections of the article.

How to prepare correctly to get a reliable result?

It is important to note that preparation for PLR is simple and does not involve any special effort on the part of the patient. It is necessary to sign three awkward tasks:

Do not contact the article 24 years before the date of the analysis;
To collect and analyze blood from a vein, you must come to the fasting boat, but you cannot drink until you speak;
Give it to me as soon as possible (in a sterile jar, put in front of the pharmacy).

PLR can be performed in any biological environment

The PLR method does not interfere with “bloodthirstiness”; it uses a biological medium to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. select – what needs to be taken for further investigation will be sent to the doctor.

In this manner, in search of the alarm, in addition to blood analysis (although we can also approach and, in most cases, proceed in parallel to other material), you can vikorize:

(Vision of the urogenital tract);
A scrap of mucous membranes of the mouth, conjunctiva, nasopharynx, and arteries (for women, take from the cervix and musculature, for men, from the urethra);
Slinu;
Sperm;
from the front vine;
Placental tissue and amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid);
Sedimentation (after centrifugation), for example, to identify types of IPSS and mycobacterium tuberculosis;
Sputum and pleural fluid with this same substance;
exudati;
Spinal cord if there is a suspicion of an infectious lesion of the central nervous system;
Biopsy material (bioptat), taken from the liver, 12-clawed intestine, scute, etc.

Before the above mentioned, I would like to add that the material for testing in all cases, in the scrapings and in the observations, will be sufficient, some testing by the PLR method does not require much effort, the analysis is limited to many The microliters should be taken from an ependorf-type microtube and sent to Vivchennia .

Illness and stagnation PLR

VIL and polymerase Lanzug reaction

If you undergo anonymous testing and have positive results, immunoblotting diagnostics should be repeated again. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the patient is prescribed additional investigations:

Based on the additional immunological reactions of the absolute values of the number of lymphocytes CD 4 (immunocompetent cells - T-helpers or kidney cells), which infection strikes us first, after which they are consumed their main authorities cannot destroy “their own” and someone else’s.” The RNA virus that circulates in the blood plasma is mistaken for normal cells in the body and does not react to them;
Detection of RNA virus by the PLR method and the distribution of the concentration of viral particles based on the stage, the severity of the pathological process and the prognosis based on the balance of these data. Obviously, the word “norm” is missing from the plan, so the reaction is always positive, and deciphering digital values falls under the competence of the doctor.

PLR and hepatitis

The PLR method can detect hepatitis, most often the test is used to diagnose hepatitis, which is poorly diagnosed by other methods.

The hepatitis C virus (RNA) is responsible for its behavior in the human body. Wedged in the genome of liver cells (hepatocytes), he stays there at the right time, which can come in either 2 years or 20 years, so doctors call him “the dead killer.” Hepatitis C leads to the development of a malignant process in the liver parenchyma, which manifests itself in the later stages. The immune system does not mark all this, mistaking the virus for a hepatocyte. However, antibodies to the virus are generated in many cases, and they do not protect the immune system. For diagnosing ELISA for hepatitis C, it is not very informative, since it indicates that the virus has lost traces, and whether it is infected itself is unknown. In cases of HCV infection, self-extinction occurs, as antibodies against the virus are lost and continue to circulate forever (immunological memory). PLR significantly precedes the creation of antibodies and can detect a viral particle within 1-1.5 days, while AT can appear at intervals of 2 months before delivery.

PLR diagnostics in cases where the hepatitis C virus is suspected of spreading in the human body is the most optimal method of investigation, since it is only possible to recognize the presence of a “legal enemy” in the blood or liver biopsy of a patient enta.

However, sometimes there may be a seizure if the AT is positive, and the PLR result is negative. This method is used when the virus is very low in intensity or when it “dormantly” enters the liver without entering the bloodstream. In order to know the truth, a repeat analysis is taken from the patient, or even more than one.

Papilomavirus infection

Since self-infection cannot occur, it is also possible, without showing anything to itself, to persist for a long time in the body of the ruler, who I do not suspect about the price, since the PLR fragments were not developed, and the symptoms of the illness were daily. However, the presence of papillomavirus infection, whether latent or latent, is far from good for a person’s health, and it is especially dangerous to carry the virus type that causes cancer (types 16, 18).

Most often, half of the population suffers from IDP, since the virus is more likely to affect the female part of the body, and especially the cervix, where different types of viruses cause the development of dysplastic processes, and then cervical cancer, as Do not condone dysplasia and give free rein to the virus. So the axis, polymerase Lanzug reaction reveals viral DNA, and then either the “bad” or “good” (oncogenic or non-oncogenic) type settles in the woman’s body.

Other IPSS and TORCH infections

Obviously, the polymerase Lanczug reaction can detect any foreign structure that is formed from nucleic acids, which makes the test suitable for identifying all SPS and TORCH infections, which are not always detected. Is it possible to conduct such expensive investigations to identify gonococcus, which are available and cheaper?

TORCH infections and IPSS are interconnected, so it is important to determine which group should be assigned to each other. It can be difficult for them to grow up, as they will not be exposed to different groups of microorganisms, which can be transmitted by the state, either only for young minds (immunodeficiency), or may become less interesting for the importance of a possible negative influx during pregnancy and pregnancy.

PLR is the main method for detecting acquired infections

The development of clinical manifestations is based on various factors, which are determined by the power of only PLR, which are the main tasks, both with ELISA and also with as a single confirmatory test, especially for symptoms of illness. Such a difficult situation can be caused by a polymicrobial infection, which, in addition to obvious illnesses, also includes mental pathogens.

Ureaplasma is most often seen in couples with mycoplasma. It’s not for nothing. These species, like chlamydia, are neither viruses nor bacteria, they live in the middle of the cells and can be associated with IPSS, although their presence in a healthy body is also far from uncommon. So, in order to remove a healthy nose from a sick person, special methods are required, and PLR is considered the most reliable, taking into account the peculiarities of the behavior of these microorganisms, etc. and investigations are found to be ineffective.

What is the matter (type 1, 2) and which also relates to herpesvirus (type 5), then the situation here is ambiguous. The infection rate of the earth's population is approaching 100%, so in this period it is very important to identify the virus and its dose, which especially plays a role in virulence, and even in adults, the virus is Living in his body, he often does not give in to thirst and does not give a sign of illness.

Therefore, you should not ignore the doctor’s prescription for such a reaction, and even in some cases, the polymerase Lanzug reaction is an obligatory and necessary method of laboratory diagnostics, which can protect against serious complications not only nku, and th little person, as if she had not been born yet.

We would like to understand that such a miraculous method as PLR has been serving humanity for over 30 years. When doing this test, one should not be limited by the risk of infectious diseases. The polymerase Lanzug reaction, popularized in the field of molecular biology, is inextricably linked with genetics. successfully contacts a criminal investigator to identify a particular person, in ship medicine for the establishment of veterinary medicine, in veterinary medicine, as a clinic for animals can buy property on the road, as well as in other areas (industry, rural government, etc.).

Video: PLR - the essence of that stagnation

Genetics of bacteria Information for another activity.

Polymerase Lanzug reaction

The polymerase Lanczug reaction is a method that allows for a large increase (amplification) of a number of DNA molecules in the sample being analyzed (including in biological material or pure culture).

The main advantages of PLR as a diagnostic method in microbiology are its very high sensitivity, which allows for the detection of extremely low concentrations of pathogens in samples, as well as the regulated specificity, which allows for the detection of either Identify creatures on the generic, species or subspecific level. The main portion of PLR is due to its high sensitivity - the samples can easily contaminate DNA from the positive control, or the PLR product, which will lead to a negative-positive reaction. This imposes severe restrictions on the minds in which the mixing of PLR and work with finished PLR products is carried out.

Conducted PLR. A reaction mixture is being prepared to combine the following components:

I saw DNA from the traced specimen,

Buferny Rozchin

Mg2+ ions (necessary for the enzyme),

Two primers are single-stranded short DNA molecules (most often 18 to 24 nucleotides long), complementary to the ends of different DNA sequences that are detected.

Sumish deoxynucleotide triphosphates.

Heat-resistant DNA polymerase (most often vicorized Taq polymerase - polymerase seen in Thermus aquaticus).

Then this reaction can be placed in an amplifier, which is actually programmed by a thermostat. 30-40 cycles of temperature changes are carried out in the amplifier. The skin from these cycles consists of three stages (div. Fig. 1):

Denaturation (temperature 94°W) – water lances burst, and DNA lances diverge.

The primers have fallen (the temperature is around 50-60°C) – the primers are added to the ends of the DNA sequences. In the meantime, at low temperatures, the rise of the output DNA strands from the traced fragment (renaturation) is energetically more favorable, due to the concentration of primers in the reaction mixture by many orders of magnitude. Depending on the concentration of DNA in the sequence (for example, on the cob cycles of the PLR), the reaction of the primers proceeds with a decrease in the DNA . The melting temperature is selected based on the melting (denaturation) temperature of the primers.

Elongation (temperature is 72 °C) – DNA polymerase produces primers of the long DNA matrix. The temperature indicates the optimal temperature for the production of vicorized DNA polymerase.

Detection of results varies in different versions of PLR and is described in the section “Types of PLR”.

Dynamics of PLR

In early PLR cycles, a number of double DNA molecules, the size of which is determined by the position between the primer landing sites, interact with the skin cycle. In this way, a small number of existing DNA molecules are created that can be extracted (div. Fig. 2).

Thus, in early cycles, the strength of the PLR product is described by the formula m*2 n, where m is the yield of sample DNA, n is the number of cycles. Then the reaction reaches a plateau. This occurs through the accumulation of the reaction product, a decrease in the concentration of primers and deoxynucleotide triphosphates, as well as an increase in the concentration of pyrophosphate (Fig. 3).

Riznovidi PLR

Convention PLR

In this version of the PLR reaction, the number of cycles (30-40) is then selected, after which it is analyzed whether the accumulation of volcanic DNA molecules has accumulated in the reaction mixture.

This option for staging PLR in case of varicose veins as a diagnostic method is a clear method. A positive reaction indicates the presence of traces of DNA molecules that are found in the image. Negative reaction to inform about its existence. A quantitative assessment of the output DNA molecules is impossible through the response to a plateau.

The main method of identifying the product is electrophoresis on agarose or polyacrylamide gels. PLR products are separated in a gel under an electric field to reduce their molecular weight. The gel contains intercalating barberry (fluorescent in the DNA-linked state - most often bromide ethide). Thus, when exposed to ultraviolet light, it will be possible to detect the presence or presence of a mark that indicates the DNA of the required molecular mass. During the hour of carrying out PLR for diagnostic purposes, positive and negative control of the reaction is always put in place, which results in the same signs (div. Fig. 4).

PLR in real time

In this version of PLR production, the strength of the PLR product in the reaction mixture is registered continuously during the course of the reaction. This makes it possible to generate a reaction curve (div. Fig. 3) and, proceeding from it, to extract a number of different DNA molecules from the particles.

One of the types of PLR carried out in real time is with the use of a vicoristic intercalating agent, which is added directly to the reaction mixture (most often vicoristic SYBRGreen). Another type is the use of one of the types of fluorescent probes that are connected to the space in the middle of the PLR product, which allows one to increase the specificity of the detection (div. Fig. 5). Fluorescence detection is carried out continuously during the reaction.

In addition to the possibility of rapid detection, other advantages of PLR in real time are revealed in line with the convention. This version of PLR is simpler, quicker, and also does not require opening tubes with PLR products, which reduces the contamination of other particles. The main disadvantage is the higher performance of the amplifier due to the increased ability to detect fluorescence compared to the original.

Digital Kilkisna PLR

A new, expensive and still low-breadth variant of PLR, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the strength of DNA in a sample. In this version, the reaction of the mixture, which contains fluorescent barnberry, is divided into a large number of microscopic volumes (for example, droplets in an emulsion). After undergoing PLR, it is analyzed which part of the droplets has a positive reaction and, apparently, fluorescence is observed. This portion will be proportional to the number of DNA molecules found in each individual.

PLR from reversal transcription

Before this or another version of PLR, the reaction of reversal transcription (RNA to DNA) with the help of the revertase enzyme is inhibited. Thus, this method allows for the precise identification of RNA molecules. This can be used to detect RNA viruses or to determine the level of transcription (mRNA) of a particular gene.

Malyunok 1. Etapi PLR. Primers are marked with a red color.

Malyunok 2. Accumulation of double DNA molecules, surrounded by primers, during PLR.

Malyunok 3. Dynamics of the PLR reaction at different concentrations of DNA molecules found in the sample. (a) – highest concentration (b) – intermediate concentration (c) – lowest concentration

Malyunok 4. Agarose electrophoresis of PLR products. K+ - positive control (behind the presence of DNA that is being detected). 1-7 - further traces (of which 1-2 are positive, 3-7 - negative). K-negative control (video dna sukana DNA). In many cases, in addition to the whole product, more light nonspecific reaction products (primer dimers) are visible.

Malyunok 5. Methods of detection under the hour of vikoristannya PLR in the hour. (a) – intercalated barnberry – fluoresces when bound to double-stranded DNA (b) – Taqman probe – fluorescence occurs when the DNA probe is cleaved by a DNA polymerase with 5'-3' endonuclease activity for the fluorescent membrane handicap and extinguisher. (c) – MolecularBeacon probe - fluorescence appears during hybridization of the probe with the whole fragment beyond the space of the remote fluorophore and extinguisher (d) – LightCycler probes - fluorescence of the acceptor appears during hybridization of the probes transferred nya (FRET).

Polymerase chain reaction (PLR, PCR – polymerase chain reaction) is a method for removing anonymous copies of DNA fragments (genes) from a biological virus.

The essence of PLR as a method of molecular biology lies in the large-scale sample copy of the song gene (DNA extension) with the help of special enzymes in the brain in vitro. An important feature of PLR is the removal of a copy of a specific piece of DNA (gene), which corresponds to a given mind. A synonym for the process of DNA copying is “amplification”. DNA replication in vivo You can also use amplification. However, as a result of replication, short sections of DNA (maximum 40,000 nucleotide pairs) are amplified during the Lancug polymerase reaction.

Basic principles

Also, PLR is the carbonase copying of DNA fragments in vitro during temperature cycles that are repeated. How does the reaction process occur within one temperature cycle?

The synthesis of nucleotide lance is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase. However, for the cob to work, the enzyme needs a starting platform. Like the Maidans, “primers” (seeds) act as synthetic oligonucleotides with a total of 15-20 nucleotides. There are two primers (forward and reverse), they are complementary to the sections of the DNA template and the DNA fragment itself, surrounded by primers, is copied by DNA polymerase. The work of the polymerase lies in the sequential addition of nucleotides complementary to the sequence of the DNA template. Tim himself, in one temperature cycle, again synthesizes two new DNA fragments (since the DNA molecule is Dolantsyuzhkova, then there are two matrixes). Thus, over 25-35 cycles, the sample accumulates billions of copies of the DNA plot identified by the primers. The structure of a closed cycle can be represented as follows:

DNA denaturation (melting, disintegration of DNA lances) – 95°C – 1 or 2 hvilin;
fall of primers (primers bind to the DNA template, the temperature of this stage is determined by the nucleotide composition of the primer) - 60 ° C (for example) - 1 hvilina;
DNA elongation (polymerase synthesizes DNA) - 72°C - 1 hour (leave for an hour until the fragment is synthesized).

The practical basis for testing the method of polymerase Lanziug reaction in the laboratory must consist of:

(or what else is called a thermal cycler);
systems for s (for visualization of PLR results);
systems (for analyzing the results of PLR);
(For sample preparation);
set (mechanical and electronic).

In addition to the main and auxiliary equipment for the full functioning of the PLR laboratory, there are necessary materials: sterile tips, tubes, racks for tubes and dispensers.

The reagent base in the initial PLR laboratory for carrying out a full-fledged polymerase Lancug reaction includes the enzyme DNA polymerase with a buffer, primers (small synthetic DNA fragments complementary to the stem and end of the analyzed sections of DNA matrix), sum of nucleotides (A, T, G, C) . Purified water is also absolutely necessary.

Advantages of the PLR method

High sensitivity of investigation

The sensitivity of the method is such that amplification of PLR and identification of the target sequence can be achieved in the case where it occurs once every 5 cells.

Specificity of the analysis

PLR makes it possible to detect the DNA of a specific infectious agent in the presence of DNA of other microorganisms and DNA of the host organism, as well as to carry out genotyping. By specifically selecting reaction components (primers), you can instantly detect the DNA of related microorganisms.

The versatility of the PLR method

On the right, for PLR-diagnosis of infectious illnesses and contagious illnesses in humans, one can use the same knowledge, follow universal procedures for preparing specimens (samples) and performing analysis, as well as similar reagent kits.

Saving time

An important advantage of PLR is the number of stages of cultural microbiological work. Preparation of samples, carrying out reactions and analyzing the results of maximum relief and a lot of automation. In any case, the results can quickly drop to 4-5 years.

Efficiency of the PLR method

Breadth of clinical material studied

As a result of the polymerase Lanczyg reaction, not only biological material can be removed from the disease, but also a lot of other substrates, in which DNA molecules can be identified with high fatigue, for example, water, soil, food products, microorganisms, and much more.

All the most important advantages of this unique method are high sensitivity and specificity, identification of infectious agent and genotyping of any human gene, high efficiency and time saving, universal There is no practical basis - the current PLR method can be widely used in clinical diagnosis, medical practice, and scientific research and richness in other areas.

Zastosuvannya PLR

The areas of stagnation of the polymerase Lancug reaction as a result of the current method of molecular biology are varied. It is rich in the breadth of material that can be analyzed (almost everything from which DNA can be seen more clearly can be the subject of investigation), as well as the selected primers. The main areas of PLR implementation:

clinical medicine

ecology

monitoring the development of dovkilla
analysis of food products
analysis of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

ship medicine and forensics

Individual identification
establishment of Fatherland

pharmacology

veterinary medicine

scientific research (molecular biology, genetics)

Organization of the PLR laboratory

Information for contracting

Name	About us	Virobnitstvo	Method	Cat.No.

PLR - diagnosis of infections, an immediate and high-precision method of detecting various infectious diseases. What is the difference between other analyses?

This abbreviation is deciphered as a polymerase Lanzug reaction. According to Wikipedia, Keri Mullis was born in 1983, American history. For his contribution, he was denied the Nobel Prize.

For the last time, the PLR was victorious only using the scientific method, after which it was successfully established by medicine. The essence of the investigation lies in the recognition of the infectious agent on the basis of DNA and RNA. The skin disease, penetrating the DNA, changes its structure to its different type. At the very sight of the altered DNA, the laboratory assistant becomes aware of how sickness occurs in humans. Among other advantages of PLR:

Identification of the primary cause of infection that has lost the “trace” in DNA. When many illnesses are identified, it is important to identify the ones where it all began. And for the correct diagnosis and selection of effective treatment, the Lanzug reaction is of enormous importance;
It is installed on the PLR as the DNA has been changed, and at a specific stage of transformation. This is necessary to exclude doubtful infections;
PLR diagnostics is sensitive and detects the presence of single bacteria and viruses. Stinks can be lost in the blood after an incorrectly prescribed bath or an unplanned interruption of the bath. The minimum quantity diagnosed when decoding the PLR is 10 client days. Other testing methods are smaller;
Pathogenic microorganisms are detected depending on the manifestation of symptoms of PPSS. Illness detected at an early stage does not last as long as the advanced form;
The results of the PLR of illnesses will be taken into hand to finish it off quickly. It takes a little more than 4-6 years to diagnose infections. Together with decryption, the whole process takes a little more than 1-2 days;
At one time, the DNA material is extracted to carry out 5-6 tests. A sick person will not have the opportunity to undergo smears many times;
PLR and infection tracking do not stand still, this area is steadily developing. With the discovery of new test systems with increased sensitivity, the likelihood of conducting follow-up decreases. Since previously it was only available to residents of megacities, now doctors at hospital clinics in the regions cannot imagine treating illnesses without it.

Features of the PLR method:

Accuracy (corrections are minimal and their frequency does not exceed 0.01%);
Sensitivity (the test “counts” individual bacteria in blood and smears);
Specificity (PLR detects infections that often do not manifest themselves until an important stage);
Uniqueness (analysis of results in situations when other investigations do not reveal anything).

Results of PLR analysis

How does the Lanzug reaction method work and how do you prepare before analysis?

The Lanzug reaction in laboratory brains transmits the multiplication of rich DNA and RNA plots by identifying the same damaged part. Acids are amplified (conjugated) with the help of enzyme preparations. Using vicoristic enzymes, the laboratory assistant removes sufficient copies of the pathogenic DNA fragment to align the PLR from the symptoms of these and other diseases provoked by infection.

As a rule, biological materials taken by sampling or smear are analyzed. For identification (deciphering sexually transmitted infections), a smear is taken from the epidermis, cervix or uterus for PLR. Sometimes vikorists also fight.

To confirm or detect the presence of hepatitis, toxoplasmosis or HIV, take blood from a vein. Blood taken from the finger often gives milk-negative results. Mononucleosis is diagnosed after collecting mule throat material. Tuberculosis can be detected after the collection of sputum, as is clearly seen in patients with wounds.

A smear from the uterus and cervix for PLR is a simple analysis, there’s no fooling around with it. 2-3 days before the event, you will be encouraged to live a formal life. Nowadays, the gels and milk on a natural basis are used for special hygiene. You can drink warm water from the tap. Stop washing - the evening before the wound to the laboratory or doctor's office.

Treatment of thrush with the help of creams, ointments, suppositories and sprays, which is carried out, is also important. A smear is taken at the first pelvis either after or immediately after menstruation. To obtain accurate results, it is recommended not to go to the toilet for 2-3 years before collecting a PLR smear.

In people who have a Lanziug reaction, a swab is taken from the urethra. Biological material is collected using a sterile probe or cotton swab, which is introduced into the seed. During the hour of the procedure, you may experience slight discomfort or swelling of the liver. People also have to spend a lot of time learning about sex and hygiene. The period before the analysis, treatment with antibiotics and other drugs is prescribed. If discomfort persists after the collection, it is recommended to go to the clinic as soon as possible.

It is acceptable that the patient undergoes blood tests or a smear taken from the patient’s organs. The genetic material is placed in a PLR amplification device, and enzymes are added there. The DNA is heated to 90-95 ° C until the lanyard is formed into a skewer. This process is called denaturation. During the hour of operation of the reactor, from one sample of DNA and RNA, thousands of copies are created for analysis (deciphering the reaction).

Results of diagnostics of PLR

The Lanzug reaction shows the severity of the infection, and precisely the number of obvious complications. The unraveling of remaining rocks is the individual introduction of mutation genes in human DNA in order to reveal the ability to change the genotype.

What does the diagnosis of PPR infection reveal?

The decoding of the analysis results is clearly visible to the qualified doctor. The power of the Lanczyg reaction allows us to confirm or detect the presence of such illnesses:

As is clear from this list, PLR diagnostics provide doctors with a wide variety of highly specialized specialties without limited capabilities. The method can be used in pulmonology, virology, infectious diseases, oncology, gastroenterology, hematology, gynecology and urology.

PLR decryption: results

Analyzes of the Lancug reaction are assessed by doctors individually for a skin patient with obvious pathologies and chronic diseases. The results of PLR analyzes indicate, as has been said above, the specific characteristics of pathogenic bacteria. While dealing with them, the doctor sets the stage of severity and stage of illness. Based on these indicators, dosing of drugs and the duration of the course of treatment are further indicated.

A negative PLR result means that the collected biological material exhibits any viruses or infections every day. Positive PLR is a signal before alarm. Also, an infection was detected in the blood and other biological areas of the patient.

Since the values are minimal, you can speak about the simple presence of illness, and not only about the active development of illness. A simple carrier of the infection, which only manifests itself in PPR, but does not show the usual other symptoms, must be constantly consulted by a doctor.

It is important not to panic and remember that most viruses known to science can be treated with antibacterial drugs. Selecting them and replacing one with one in case of ineffectiveness may deprive the qualifications of the doctor, as evidenced by the treatment of this and other illnesses.

Decryption of the PLR can be carried out not only at the discretion of the doctor, but at the discretion of the authorities. Often we are afraid of women who are planning to become pregnant in the near future in order to avoid the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases. When placed at the regional consultation with the patient, there is no need for a thorough diagnosis.

PLR is prescribed for obligatory women, who have had a small number of abortions or abortions for various reasons. Before the EBC, an analysis is carried out to identify all the causes of possible expulsion of the fertilized egg.

People often carry out PLR after release, during the hour of some kind of holiday romance or wedding. Diagnostics helps them not to jeopardize their lives and the health of potential sexual partners.

Often, PLR is the only chance for a patient to recover from illness at the embryonic stage, if the unnecessary risk is complicated by a difficult journey.

A smear using the PLR method for diagnosing infectious diseases may become more important:

Direct diagnosis of infectious diseases and illnesses.

Many traditional methods of laboratory diagnostics rely on the detection of everyday illness for various indirect signs. For example, ELISA diagnostics is based on proteins detected in the patient’s blood, which are products of the breakdown of infectious agents, on the basis of which the doctor can make another diagnosis. The PLR analysis method provides a direct indication of the presence of a specific DNA sample of the disease in the material taken from the patient.

High specificity of PLR diagnostics.

During the analysis process, the examined material reveals a DNA fragment that is specific and has power for a particular organism – either a bacteria or a virus. This piece of DNA is unique and not typical for an animal infection on earth.

High sensitivity of PLR.

Infections can occur if the material taken from the patient contains less than one cell of bacteria or virus. Comparable with other immunological and microbiological diagnostic methods: sensitivity of PLR analysis – 10-100 cells per sample, other methods – 103-105 cells.

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The versatility of PLR analysis.

For PLR investigation, it is possible to use practically any materials that are not available for investigation by other methods: mucus, cuttings, blood, serum, sputum, ejaculate, scrapes of epithelial cells - fragments, etc. The infection can occur in any biological materials or tissues.

There is a high degree of support for the results of PLR analysis.

A uniform method for all processing of material taken from a patient for analysis, detection of reaction products, automated PLR amplification allows for a new PLR diagnosis in 4-5 years. At the same time, a lot more than an hour is spent on cultural methods of observation - from many days to many days, since it is necessary to see, and then develop the pathogen on the cell culture.

Possibility of diagnosing any type of infection.

The high sensitivity of the PLR method makes it possible to diagnose infection not only at the acute stage of illness, but also to detect chronic infections and identify single bacteria and viruses.

A smear using the PLR method makes it possible to detect infections that cannot be detected with a flora smear: chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, genital herpes.

What are the significant advantages of the investigation method and the PLR diagnostics? The shortcomings of PLR diagnostics include:

Possibility of obtaining a positive result

PLR analysis can show a positive result if the infection is already dead, “killed” by antibiotics, and the dead cells are still located in the patient’s tissues. How is that possible? Quite simply. For example, the infection lives in the tissues of the epithelium (on the mucous membrane of the organs or eyes). They both enjoyed it. It takes an hour to “renew” the epithelium of the cells. If the material is taken away by the doctor before the cells are completely renewed, the material may contain dead cells of infection. Klitini, obviously, removes genetic material - DNA or RNA of the body, which is what the PLR thinks. PLR does not separate dead cells from living ones: it looks for DNA and “clones” them in large numbers. The result of such an analysis is positive. In fact, it is true that we are hybnopositive.

The inability of PLR to “recover” a dead infection from a living one makes it difficult to detect PLR and control the effectiveness of treatment. The main rule, of course, is to ensure that the dead excesses of infection are completely eliminated from the body, which the average person survives for 4-8 years. Therefore, after taking the remaining antibiotic tablets, the PLR method can and should be used to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment.

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At a later stage, the control of forbidding can be done using a different cultural method, or by sowing: only living microorganisms that reproduce can serve as a sign of non-violence.

It is not advisable to use PLR analysis for diagnosing gardnerellosis, since gardnerelli - the sufferers of this disease, in a small number of cases, normally live in the soil. The DNA of these bacteria with vicoristic PLR will soon be lost. Gardnerella does not show up in a smear, and bacterioscopy in this case is a sufficient method for diagnosing gardnerellosis and monitoring treatment.
Variety of microorganisms

Any microbe can change, and at the same time as DNA. The most beautiful butt from this galus is the flu virus. Having been ill once, a person develops antibodies against the virus. Purely theoretically, if we got sick with the flu even just once, then just like with the flu, it’s not our fault that we’ll get sick again. We almost have a pain in the throat. What is the reason? The virus “mutates”, slightly “changing” its genome, and our immune system, our antibodies no longer “recognize” the old guest in a new look. It’s not crazy that I’m getting sick with the flu all over again...

When designing an amplifier (PLR test system), a DNA fragment specific to a given microorganism is selected that is least susceptible to change. It is “selected” from the so-called highly conservative section of DNA. Alternatively, the abundance of microorganisms can lead to the fact that certain genotypes or strains of the observed organism can cause mutations in the genome, which amplifies (clones), and thus becomes elusive given by the test system.

Thus, different test systems are one of the reasons why analyzes performed in different laboratories and in different clinics using the same PLR method can show diametrically different results. To avoid mutations as much as possible, standards have now been developed to regulate testing (including cross-reaction testing, as well as testing of household strains that are indicated), which requires testing -system, the first thing to go to the market and Will Vicoristan be used to diagnose your health? Why do good clinics and laboratories use Vicoristan for the remaining generations of test systems. And our medical center “Euromedprestige” is one of the few that can provide its clients with clear diagnostics.