8.2. THE PERIOD OF THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE The Arab invasion began at the time of the economic and social crisis that engulfed Byzantium and Iran: until that time, the 26-year war between the great powers devastated the entire Near Continent. Nabal completed it with desolation. Ctesiphon buv zruynovaniy,

The turning point for the Muslims to take root in Europe was the Battle of Tours, which took place on the 10th of June 732. The Djerels call it the Battle of Poitiers, and in the Arab Dzherels it is known as the “Battle of the Suicide Cohort.”

As has already been said, the Battle of Kavadongu is included in European chronicles as an epochal idea, but Muslims will recognize it as a small matter, and it is unlikely that the rulers of the Caliphate, not even talking about mere mortals, gave it even a lot of serious significance Nya.

The Muslims took a serious attack only three times later, in the Battle of Toulouse (721 r.), when Duke Odo of Aquitaine (who is also called Judes the Great) not only liberated the besieged Toulouse, but also wounded al-Samn Ibn Malik himself. The forces of the Muslims were greatly reduced by lust, and the cavalry did not reach the battle. Once they decided to carry out a circular envelopment, absolutely rapt for the Muslims, who self-righteously did not attack from behind, - all the defenses were straightened in the middle, to the besieged place.

However, this did not slow down the progress of the Muslims. The Arabs, who had established themselves in Narbonne and were coming from the sea, directed their attacks towards the descent and in 725 they reached Atun in Burgundy. Odo of Aquitaine, having appeared squeezed between two opponents (from the day by the Franks, and from the day by the Muslims), in 730 he entered into an alliance with the Berber emir Uthman Ibn Naisa, the governor of present-day Catalonia, for the sake of which Odo’s daughter, Lampada, was given to the world. The Arab campaigns through the Pyrenees, the ancient cordon of Odo, were pinned. The world has not been washed through for a long time: through the Utman River, rebelling against the Governor-General of Andalusia, Abd al-Rahman, and recognizing the misfortune of defeat. Abd al-Rahman planned to marry Aquitaine at the same time. In the words of one Arab historian, Rahman's army "passed through like a storm of ruin." Rahman's army, which consisted of important Arab cavalry, light cavalry of the Berbers and a mass of infantry, fell on the Pyrenees. Once the army was taken to Bordeaux, it was defeated, and Bordeaux itself was plundered. The European chronicle respects it when it says about this battle: “Only God knows the soldiers were killed.”

At the time of the Battle of Toulouse near Bordeaux, the main strength of the Muslims was in the Kinonot. The daily and rapt factor: the Muslims entered into military order, and managed practically without spending on their side. Odo's forces, most importantly the hunting, were lost during the first attack of the Muslims, and the main expenses were no longer in battle, but when the army was reinvestigated, it was necessary to flee. Even as soon as Rahman had devastated the outskirts of Bordeaux, and, according to the Arabic chronicle, “the faithful swept through the mountains, galloped through the hills and plains, reached far from the Frankish lands and struck everyone with the sword, so that Judes himself, who came to battle at the river Garonne, big".

But nothing was lacking in timidity, as he rushed to get help to his enemy, to the Franks. Charles Martel was not eager to enter the battle of Aquitaine and only waited after Odo signed the treaty, from whom he recognized his unguarded adherence to the Franks.

In all places of Tours, located at the border between the Frankish kingdom and Aquitaine, the Frankish armies met under the leadership of the Austrasian majordomo Charles Martel and the Arabs under the commands of Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of Andalusia.

Historians differ in their assessments of the battle. Dekhto considers it a key moment in the history of Europe's resistance to the Caliphate. Leopold Von Ranke, for example, states that “the Battle of Poitiers was the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world.” Many current historians put it much simpler before this battle, although they also know the important significance for the formation of Europe without Muslim presence. Even if it were not there, the battle of Turi played a significant role in the fallen Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads, who recognized the defeat, were unable to restore the caliphate to great greatness and inevitably lost power.

More precisely, the site of the Battle of Turi Dosi is not visible. Christians and Muslims were meant to be clearly stated in detail. The secret idea is that, more than anything else, the battle was fought on the river Klain and Viden between Tours and Poitiers.

Battle of Tours (Poitiers). Painting by Charles de Steuben (1834 – 1837)

Also, the number of military forces is not fully clarified and nourished. The remaining data, most objectively, are pointed out, in detail, in the work of 1999 by Paul K. Davis, to talk about those that the Muslim army was about 80,000 people, and the Franks were about 30,000. change the number of both troops, respectfully Well, there were about 20,000 Franks, and about 75,000 Muslims. Otherwise, the balance of forces was approximately reasonable. (However, you can know completely different figures: some people respect that the armies were equal, and other historians insist that the Franks completely overthrew the Muslims. it is impossible to organize food supplies for such a large table, for example, the army of the Franks, which is in danger of capturing this evidence of distrust.)

Even if it were not there, the Frankish kingdom of Charles Martel became the leading military power of Europe. At present, it grew in most of present-day France (Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy), most of Western Germany and in most of the lower lands .

After everything, having drunk themselves on foreign territories, the Arabs, drunk with the power of their conquests, ceased to pay due respect to intelligence and, in fact, badly revealed that they were in the army of the Franks. Arabic chronicles begin to speak about them only after the battle under the hour of Tur. There was no reconnaissance of the locality, and therefore the great army of Martell turned up undetected by the Arabs. Behind their call, the Arabs poked their heads in small groups. While the bulk of the wagon train lumbered forward, eager to collect the crops to secure provisions for themselves, the small herds that went ahead squawked and plundered small places and villages.

And the version is that al-Ghafik wants to profit from the treasures of the Abbey of St. Martin in Tours, the legendary church of those times. Martel, having withdrawn this tribute, having destroyed it for the day, the most important surprise of the Muslims is that they are not knowing what they are doing, and they are moving away from the old Roman roads. This, as we already said, was far away. Martel wanted to defeat the phalanx in the battle, and he would need a forested plain to be brought up so that he could encourage his people and provoke the Muslims to attack. The Franks, as Arab historians write, built a great square on the steps between the trees. This later made it difficult to attack the Kinoty, which became one of the leading forces of the Arab army. Before that, the Arabs asked the Arabs to evaluate the real size of the enemy’s army: Martel cut everything to create the appearance that there were more soldiers in the new one, but not in reality.

These days the armies stood one opposite the other, only rarely did the brave enter into a small situation. Muslims waited for the arrival of the main forces. Alas, Martel called out his old warriors from the fortress of Europe with great battle testimony. Well, the end was visible at first glance to both armies, until the finale of the battle had placed everything in its place. It has come to Martel and the militia, however, in the battle with the largest army in the world there is little more than a little difference, but not a clear meaning.

Basically, the battle was won by Martel even before the battle began. By imposing on the enemy both the locality and the hour, and his style of battle. The Muslims were unable to either walk up the mountain, through the tree, wasting all their efforts, or turn around and go. The war was against the Arabs: the European winter was approaching, even worse for the children of the Day. Meanwhile, Arabs, under the rule of the army of the Franks, the Franks were darker than hell: the skins of witches and sheep were used by them for a long time. Abd al-Rahman believed that with the onset of cold weather, the battle would definitely be lost, and the attack would be punished. This was yet another victory for Martel: the Arabs, unimpressed by the great number of tests, could not lure him into open localism.

Abd al-Rahman sent the cinema to attack. It was important that several times the kinnot seemed to be in harmony with the Franks, and al-Rahman again and again gave the order to attack. Although with Muslim dzherels, the square of the Franks was punched several times before the hour of attack, but the Franks did not flinch. The grievances on both sides were aware of the great losses. The author of the Mozarabian Chronicle, a Spanish prelate, wrote: “And in the thunder of battle, the people of the Night were crushed by the sea, as it was impossible to destroy. The stench stood solidly, shoulder-to-shoulder, like shaving ice; And with strong swings of their swords the stench cut off the Arabs. Rallying around their leader, the people of Austrasia knocked everything before them. Their tireless hands raised their swords to the chests of their enemies.”

It became overwhelming for these hours: the hunt stood in battle with the cinema! The core of Martel's army was made up of professional soldiers, some of whom had fought since 717, and during peacetime they trained extensively, sponsored by the church. The soldiers from Liege, Martel’s “special guard,” stood next to him in a square (square) and did not allow him to attack the Muslims who had broken through the phalanx. When the battle was in full swing, Martel pulled out his remaining trump card from his sleeves: his last round began to destroy the Muslim convoy. This news flew around the ranks of the attackers, and the stinkers, having forgotten about Martel, rushed to scavenge for the loot and buried slaves.

At the same time, Martel had another idea: he wanted to attack the Muslim forces from behind, rather than with the help of their great slaves. There was no need for anything: those who rushed to seize Maino, there were stilki, which looked like a large-scale entrance, and the “trophy lovers” buried all the others behind them.

Arab historians insist that the battle lasted for another day, but in this case you can believe the European ones, who seem to have fought for only one day.

Abd al-Rahman, trying to escape, was exiled by the Franks and killed. After which the invasion was forced, and, as the Arab historian writes, “all the warriors fought before the enemy, and fell heavily into this battle.” Martel revived the phalanx and began to search for the French and Muslims to renew their attack. It was quiet all the way. The Franks respected that they wanted to lure them into open secrecy, and steadfastly awaited attacks, no matter what happened. However, within a few years, intelligence had confirmed that the tabir of Muslims had been abandoned, there was a lot of other good lying around there, and the Muslims themselves were still destroying Iberia under the cover of darkness.

Current historians have devoted their work to the analysis of the Battle of Tours. It is clear that Martel will impose on al-Rahman the style of battle, the hour and the place. It is clear that history does not know in a reasonable way, except that those peaces that were made by al-Rahman before the arrival of Tur (including intelligence and others), would be most strategically correct for the new leader dmova from the battle and turned back, with deprived garrisons at buried places in Western Gaul. A few years later, the Muslims would have been able to settle with the Franks not for such a number of unpleasant factors. Ale wine of the forerunners played its role. And Europe began to liberate itself from Muslim oppression.

The historian Hallam said: “We can confidently affirm that the battle of Tours, incredibly, stands in the same ranks of those poor battles, whose long-term result changed the drama of the world: with Marathon, Arabella, Metarus, Châlons and Leipzig.”

Muslims marched beyond the Pyrenees. Odo died around 735, and Martel wanted to annex his duchy to his lands, and the local nobility voted Yudes' son, Hunod, duke. Martel, after much doubt, when the Muslims again invaded Provence, having finally recognized his reign. Hunod, who did not recognize the rule of Martel, also appeared to be spared his choice during the invasion. Having recognized the supremacy of Martel, he confirmed his dukedom, and resentment began to prepare for the Western Caliphate.

Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj, the new governor of Andalusia, decided to go to Gaul again, hoping to avenge the defeat at Poitiers and expand Islam in Gaul. Ukba zumіv will kill nearly 2000 Christians who were buried during the march. He collected an army in Zaragoza, conquered the Rhone River, buried and plundered Arles, then went on campaigns to Lyon, Burgundy and P'émonte. And finally, regardless of strong support, they suddenly want to try Avignon.

The brilliant tactician Martel again, in the opinion of historians, praised the one true solution: being convinced of the need to confine the Muslims in Iberia and not allow them to gain a foothold in Gaul, they attacked the Arabs, breaking up one of them the army near Arlem and the main forces in the battle of the Berr River, near Narbonne. Arles was captured and destroyed, but Narbonne Martel was not taken, but was stolen by Arabs, Berberies and local Christians - residents of Visigoth. The Muslims controlled Narbonne for another 27 years, but attempts at further expansion were deprived by this defeat. The old agreements with the local populations were succinctly completed, and in 734 the governor of Narbonny, Yusuf ibn al-Rahman al-Firi, concluded new agreements with a number of localities, trying to persuade Martel to expand his control of the territory. Martel does not want to destroy his army completely, understandably, because the Arabs remain heavily isolated in Narbonne and Septimania and can hardly work in any way that is unsafe for the new action.

Narbonne fell to 759 people, as a result of the huge war and the collapse of the caliphate, as well as the clever actions of Martel's son, Pepin the Short.

Modern historians, like the ancient Arabs, differ in the assessment of the battles. Some believe that their significance has been overcome and the initial invasion of the Arabs has been turned into occupation, and the further defeat has been turned into a defeat, ending the era of raids. Others will speak out on the important macro-historical significance of the defeat of another Muslim campaign to Europe. Approximately the same superechki among ancient Muslim historians. The vast majority of the present-day forces fought in Europe with only minor battles, giving the main respect to another region of Constantinople in 718, which ended in a catastrophic defeat.

Today's Arabs have always respected that the Caliphate as a power of jihad and its final conquest meant the death of this power. In fact, the Franks, having conquered the Muslims from Gaul, cut off the root of the power of the caliphate on the island.

Khalid Yahya Blankinship noted that the defeat at Tur was one of those failures that led to the decline of the Umayyad Caliphate: “Extending from Morocco to China, the Umayyad Caliphate founded its success and expansion to the doctrine of jihad - the fierce struggle, the fierce struggle of the struggle, which brought significant success over the course of a century, but Rapto dug in and led to the fall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 years after the birth of Christ. The end of the Jihad power demonstrates for the first time that the cause of its collapse was not simply an internal conflict, as was established, but a set of immediate external factors that stretched the ability of the caliphate to respond to them. These external officials began with devastating military defeats under Byzantium, Toulouse and Tours, which led to the Great Berber Revolt in 740. in Iberia and Southern Africa."

King Pepin the Short, son of Martel, watches over the shaved head of the ex-king Hild Erik III, who was thrown from the throne by him and sent to the monastery.

The reign of the Umayyads (661 – 750 r.) can be characterized as the era of another great expansion of Islam. Many people call this a period of self-impoverishment of the Arab national power. Despite the large number of brutalized peoples on the territory of the Caliphate, Iran began to disintegrate the Muslims themselves. The Shiites had already become a real threat to the ruling regime, although their propaganda was accepted. They were especially abundant among the Persian mavalis, newly converted Muslims. The Kharijites successfully conquered Northern Africa from their faith and found strong support among the active Berber tribes. There were a lot of followers in Persia and Arabia, not to mention Iraq.

It was no better on the Arab island itself. The tribes once again guessed about their quest - both day and night, as a result of which the inter-clan war did not subside.

The Daedals, more than the Muslims, were dissatisfied with the Umayyad rulers. As has already been said above, the Prophet Muhammad is the uncle of Abu Talib, the son of Ali, Mav and another uncle of Abbas. Ali, however, was friends with the daughter of the prophet Fatima, and through her his missions were direct descendants of Muhammad himself. Ale y nashchadki Abbas, the Abbasidis, were also direct relatives of the prophet. Until the dawn of time, the stinks did not play any role in the happy life of the caliphate, but the great-grandson of Abbas, Muhammad ibn Ali, who is alive in the unknown city of Maan (now Jordan), reluctantly started a vigorous anti-Umayyad agitation Yu. And the version is that one of the Alids, Abu Hashim Abdullah ibn al-Hanafiyya, has succumbed to a secret organization that wants to transfer the caliphate to the prophet’s followers. It is important to say that to what extent this is not the case, but Mohammed flared up in the distant, weakly controlled province of Khorasan, but the propaganda is really strong. The province was once jealously placed in Damascus, and soon, in the midst of a prepared population of Shiites, Muhammad had a number of followers.

The caliphate had other internal problems. After the conquest of Qutaiba ibn Muslim, Transoxiana and Persians and Turks adopted Islam and recruited the Arab army. Caliph Umar II (r. 717 - 720) changed the customs, trying to establish jealousy between Arabs and other Muslims. These reforms were forgotten soon after the death, and the old methods of calculating taxes began to stagnate. Spurred by the weakening of the tax collector, the army found itself in the absence of newly converted Muslims, and now they could not understand why in words they were equal to the Arabs, but the taxes were not paid. Moreover, it seems that the very increase in taxes for the rich became the initial incentive for the praise of the new religion. Fighting shoulder-to-shoulder with the Arabs, they took away the stench from the city, but could not face the new faith - they were punished for the death.

As a result, Muslim Persians settled with their traditional enemies, the Turks (Karluk tribes, Turgeshes, etc.), against whom they fought for the sake of Islam under the command of Kutaibi 15 years ago. And when the uprising against the Arabs broke out in Khorasan, the pushing army of the Turks across the Yaksart (Sirdarya) river was reduced to the rebels. The Arabs were taxed, and control of Transoxiana passed to the rebels under the command of the Khakan - the Supreme Khan.

The Barberies were also dissatisfied with the fact that they had no equal rights with the Arabs. After his death, the surplus of the Kharijite revolution, oppressed by Abdul-Malik, began to penetrate the continent of Africa. Among the Berbers, the Haridites were known to have excellent hearing, and in 740 the Berbers arose. It was slaughtered, spreading throughout the entire territory of the province from Morocco to Kairouan, and during the bloody battles the Syrian expeditionary corps was actually accused. The remainder of the insurrection was crushed beyond 742 fate.

At this time, the Barberies, who had been in Spain, had 741 troops, supported their brothers and opposed the Arabs. A huge war began, just before the demise of Abdul-Malik.

Control over the conquered territories began to be restored, but intertribal disputes began between the Arabs themselves. After changing a number of monks, Yusuf ibn Abdur-Rahman al-Fihri, who only captured this land in 746 years, would restore order. Vin became the remaining Umayyad governor of Spain.

The son of the murdered Hussein and the brother of the 5th Shia imam Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali, independent of the Abbasid rule, had long been involved in anti-Umayyad propaganda in Kufa. That part of the Shiites, who were dissatisfied with the political passivity of the Alid imams, fought against them.

It was assumed that the Kufians would march all at once on one day since 740. The governor of Kufi, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Saqafi, having learned about the plans of the convicts, threatened the followers of Zayd with brutal reprisal, and more than a few hundred Kufis came out at once from Zaid on the day of appointment. The stench of Buli was easily overcome, killing Zayd himself. His body was mounted on a cross in Kufa, and his severed head was sent to Damascus to Caliph Hisham. Sin Zaida, Yahya, who was 17 years old, left Persia and turned to the caliphate in 743 years to oppose Caliph al-Walid II, or even be killed.

Kufa was a troubled region, and the uprising did not add anything and nothing changed its reputation. However, this was the result of the destruction of the Araksians before the Umayyads, which, with their help, the Abbasids quickly got rid of. In principle, the death of Zayd was obvious to them, leaving the potential Alids in the shadows, and the Abbasids turned the situation to their advantage by converting the Alids’ cronies to fight for the right of their imams c. Instead of a fragmented and weak opposition, the defeat of Zayd led to the Umayyads being replaced by a united and strong opposition.

They became a religious sect in Shiism, which destroyed the creation of a theocratic power on the part of the Imam of the Ali family. They made a strong contribution to dogma, while the Sunnis took a more important position, recognizing the legitimacy of the rule of Abu Bakr and Omar and demonstrating the divine nature of the Imamate.

Caliph Hasham died in the year 743 at his residence near Rusa-fa (Syria), near Raqqa on the Upper Euphrates, around 60 years. He ruled 20 rocks, and his caliphate extended over a large territory. Before the lands of the Muslims, many islands were acquired - such as Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete and others. With this and the death of Hisham, the power of the Umayyads ended, and the power soon fell into ruin.

Al-Walid the Other, son of Yazid the Other, became the next caliph. At this time, Elita was increasingly in favor of the Abbasids, and they were likely not to resist the Umayyids at Damascus, but to begin the formation of a new force at the same time, when a rebellion had recently appeared nearby.

Al-Walid dies through the river, and Yazid the Third, son of al-Walid the First, dies. Ale he died within a few months, handing over power to his brother, Ibrahim. Immediately follows the death of Ibrahim, and an important crisis looms at the Umayyad court, as the reign of Marwan II, formerly the ruler of Virmenia, ends. He is known as a great person, efficient and tireless, and has earned the nickname “Marwan the Donkey.” He was known as a wonderful warrior who would subdue the Khazars. What is needed here is not military mysticism, but the mysticism of a politician, and Marwan, it seems, is not Mav.

Kostyantin Pyatiy, Emperor of Byzantium, considering what is happening in the Caliphate, is trying to take over Syria, and, although this is not discussed, Cyprus will be taken over.

Don't be fooled by Abbasidi. Their agent Abu Muslim, a huge Persian slave, sent from Damascus to Khorasan, at the beginning of 747 years, starts a riot there, flaring up the “black ensign” - a symbol of the Shiite rebellion. Historians respect that throughout all the Shi'i people they hardly suspected whom Abu Muslim would serve. Alas, as if it were not there, he takes the pen from a few thousand people, and until the end of the fate, the Umayyad apostle appears to be fallen at Khorasan. Then Abu Muslim begins to collapse and already pose a military threat to the Euphrates Valley. Marwan, even after storms, swears by the leader of the Abbasid clan, Ibrahim al-Abbas. Through the river, on the 749th, he dies at the vine, perhaps suddenly contracting the plague, and thus gives the great trump card to the Abbasids. Those of them who have previously tried to distance themselves from politics understand that the Umayyad pandemonium must be brought down. Abu Muslim swears by Kufa, and secretly declares that the Nezabar Caliphate is ruled “from the homeland of Muhammad, which will be praised.”

On the 28th of leaf fall, Ibrahim's brother Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah spoke as caliph at the main mosque of Kufi. They realize that they were terribly fooled, but they will convert that the Abbasids are close to Muhammad, the lower Umayyads.

In 750 years, Marwan raises an army against Abu, but recognizes the misery at the upper Zab River, the tide of the Tigris, on the way to Mosul. You have to run to Egypt, otherwise the Abbasid agents will harass you and kill you.

The founder of the dynasty of Umayyad caliphs, Muawiya ibn Abi Suf'yan (661-680), like Muhammad, was from the Quraysh tribe, but not a Hashemite, but a descendant of the clan of Maumaya. The Umayyads descended from the ancient Mecan nobility and played an important role in the pre-Islamic Mezza. Muawiyah became famous as a happy military leader and was later appointed governor of Palestine and Syria. At this planting, a great political and administrative revolution arose in the management of the region with its foreign populations and refined local culture. Among the Christian population of Syria and Palestine, he gained a reputation as a just ruler, who did not allow religious persecution and the evil of one hundred foreigners. Acts from the foreigners were captured at the new high position: for example, the Christian Sarjun (Sergius), the father of the famous theologian John of Damascus, served as Muawiya’s secretary, and the Christian Abu Usal served as the caliph’s special physician. During the reign of Muawiya, the conquest campaigns of Muslims continued to Central Asia, Afghanistan, India and Lower Africa. The main result of the military operations at the cordons of the Caliphate was not so much territorial gains, but rather the removal of the form and collection of tribute, as well as the foundation of new military bases for further conquests. On the outward border of the Caliphate, Merv became such a base, and on the outward border - al-Kay-rawan (Kairouan near Tunisia). For a cob 674 rub. The Arabs crossed the Amu Darya, defeated the combined Turks and Sogdians and reached Bukhara, surrounding it with tribute. In Early Africa, the rich campaigns of the commander Ukbi ibn Nafi al-Fikhri (under the name of Sidi Okbi, who became one of the greatest Old African saints) in the 60-80s of the 7th century . friendly minds were created against the Berbers to complete the beginning of the VIII century. conquest of the entire Maghreb. Raids on the Byzantine lands of Asia Minor were urgently planned. A great military fleet was created, with the help of which the Arabs began to press the Byzantines at the end of the Mediterranean Sea, blocking their most important harbors. At 672 rub. the Arabs wailed about. Rhodes, and the coming fate landed on Crete. However, they were unable to achieve this success, and the Byzantines were able to burn most of the Muslim fleet and impose a peace treaty on Muawiya, after which, together with the Byzantine dzherels, they would pay the emperor Orichnu danina with gold and kin. The rule of Muawiya changed the nature of the supreme power. These changes, on the one hand, were the inheritance of natural evolution, as the Muslim power recognized, which was transformed as a result of the conquest of an equally small community of Muslim Muslims from a great empire with great respect for them irchy population. On the other hand, the current forms of these changes were influenced by the sovereign traditions of the conquered lands, first of all Syria and Palestine, the last hour of Muawiyah’s life. From the first among the peers of the bulk of Muslims, who were - for all differences between them - the “righteous caliphs”, the caliph turned into a leader who stood above the marriage, strengthened among ordinary Muslims. Muawiya became the first of the caliphs to become his own palace, giving himself a number of servants, limiting access to his chambers to an even narrower number of people, and making the “hajib” (“barman”) an important court figure. The court ceremony began in a step-by-step manner. Packed for 661 rubles. To please his eldest son, Ali Hassan Muawiya, agreed not to appoint an attacker, but to entrust his choice for the sake of the Muslims; At the time of Muawiya's death, control of the minds of the agreement passed to Hassan. After the death of Hassan in 669 rubles. The caliph respected himself freely from this disease and in 676 rubles. In Mezza, the blue feathers of four caliphs swore an oath to their son Yazid. In this manner, Muawiyah sacked the great title of the reigning Caliph and established the fallen Caliphate as its capital in the Syrian city of Damascus. With the death of Muawiya I, the issue of sovereignty came to the fore again, which led to another huge war in the Caliphate (680-692). The leadership of Ali's other son, Hussein, reproaches the new caliph Yazid I (680-683) prompted the Shiites to openly fight for the caliph from Alid. The Shia leaders, who had gathered in Kufa, sent messages to Hussein, asking him to come to Kufa and stop fighting, gathering in their support. While Hussein was getting ready for the road, exchanging letters with the Shiites of Kufi and Basri, the Kufis rebelled, but it was immediately strangled by the governor of Kufi, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad. About the strangulation of the Kufyans, Hussein was already at an age, otherwise he could not turn back. On the way to Kufa, Hussein, who went there together with his squads, children and other relatives, zustra zagin, who guarded the approaches to the place. 10 zhovtnya 680 rub. At Karbala, there was an unequal battle between Hussein’s people (there were 80 of them) and the warriors of the commander, which resulted in at least a fifty-fold numerical superiority. There is a wealth of information about the death of Hussein in this battle among Muslim historians. Initially, none of the Caliph’s warriors dared to raise their hand against the Prophet’s son, nor did they dare to take on the same responsibility. But then the stinkers all attacked him at once and cut him down with their swords. Hussein's closest relatives - brothers, cousins ​​and nephews - died in battle. Vtsіlili (as immature) – the son of Hussein Ali al-Asgar (“Young”) and the son of Hasan – Omar ta Hassan; They, as well as those taken from their full wives, were delivered to Kufa and Damascus, and then taken back to Medina. The martyrdom of Hussein is a small lasting legacy for the Shiite movement. It attracted even more Shiites, and the image of the imam-martyr gave this political movement a clearly expressed religious character. Hussein's henchman Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, who was exiled in Metz, - the son of the faithful companion of Muhammad and the maternal descendant of Abu Bakr - publicly condemned the assassination of Hussein and began to call for the sake of the election of a new caliph. Yazid’s attempts to peacefully settle the conflict did not lead to anything, and rumors that the caliph was preparing a march on Mecca prevented Ibn al-Zubair’s followers from arriving in Mecca until then. They sent out messages against the rebels against the rebels of Medini, and this success further strengthened the authority of Ibn al-Zubayr among the Hijazi. Ibn al-Zubayr ordered Taif, and also rejected the support of the Kharijites of Yamami. Spring 683 rub. The tide of medicine drove away the governor of Medina, Othman ibn Muhammad, Yazid's cousin, and announced the abdication of the caliph. At the same time, the stench did not encourage the rebellious Ibn al-Zubayr, but they still respected that the caliph might rob him of his joy. Torishny sickle 683 rub. Yazid's army from the Syrian army reached Medina. After a bitter battle, the caliph's warriors made it to the spot and caused a thorough defeat. According to the reports of Muslim historians, among those killed there were 306 Quraishites and Ansars. In the spring of the same fate, fighting began in Mecca, where at the court of al-Masjid al-Haram became the camp of Ibn al-Zubayr, who had become a new Kharijite from Yamami and were deprived of medicine alive. On Mount Abu Qubais, the Syrians installed a catapult, and behind it they began to throw stones at the mosque. One of the most memorable episodes of this campaign was the burning of the Kaaba, at which point the famous Black Stone cracked and split (RUR 31, 683). For example, 683 rub. After the death of Yazid (who died as a result of a horse fall in the field), unrest broke out again in the Caliphate, but this time it was actually caused by the lack of control in Damascus itself, and after the death of Yazid I, his blues showed again there is up to management. The eldest son of Yazid Muawiya II (683-684) did not have the same ambitions of power and actually took over all the functions of governing the state to Hassan ibn Malik ibn Bahdal, a leader of the Arab tribe of Kalb, his cousin Yazida. Hassan has authority in Syria and Palestine, but not in other regions of the Caliphate - Iraq, Egypt and Arabia. Before that, three months later, Muawiya II announced that he was in power. The caliph did not carry out the necessary orders before his decline and suddenly died, having fallen ill with the plague. His brother Khalid was also an unlikely candidate for the throne, since sciences - chemistry and Greek philosophy - were favored more than politics. Yazid did not have any other mature sons, so the real contenders for power could have been representatives of other members of the Umayyad family, unless among them they themselves were not united with this drive. The situation in Syria was further complicated by the discontent of the Arab tribal tribes of the Qalb and Qais. The Kalbits were respected by the “old Syrian Arabs” - Muawiyah leaned on them, befriended the daughter of their leader and gave the Kalbits a number of privileges. The early Arab tribes of the Kaysiti moved to Syria and Arabia during the Muslim conquest; the stench spread throughout Syria, occupying empty lands, and periodically conflicted with local tribes through pastures and watering holes. Having learned about the lack of ownership in Damascus, Ibn az-Zubayr gave the fierce 684 rubles. voicing himself a caliph. Having immediately lost the support of the Iraqi Kharijites, who, according to the current idea of ​​electing the emperor, did not recognize him as the legitimate caliph, as well as having flown into Arabia and many of the slaves of Egypt i, Iraq and Khorasan. Previously, the leaders of various Arab tribes in Syria and Palestine (both from the Kalbites and from the Qaysites) were also included. The leaders of the Kharijites - Nafi ibn al-Azraq and Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi - did not stop fighting for power on both sides. At first they supported Ibn al-Zubayr in his reign against Yazid I, but then they separated from the new one and went from Mecca to Basri. It was not long before there were differences between them. Ibn al-Azraq took an irreconcilable position towards non-Kharijite Muslims. Having respected them as pagans, you cannot go anywhere with them; These Kharijites, who took part in the Kharijite uprisings, were seen by them as enemies. The followers of Ibn al-Azraq have since become known as “Azakites.” Nadzhda Ibn Amir supported the worldly views, which allowed the merging of the Kharijites with the new Muslims. So Hjie, having settled with Ibn al-Azrak, Najda vlitku 684 rubles. pishov from Basri to Yamama. There, he defeated the local Kharijites and significantly changed his position, buried in 686-688 rocks. Bahrain, Oman and Yemen. Undeterred by the fact that Ibn al-Azraq himself suddenly perished in one of the disputes with the Barisians, the Azraks managed to expand their power over al-Ahwaz (Khuzistan), Fars and Kerman. They voted their leader al-Qatari ibn al-Fujaa caliph. The Arabs found support among the rural population of these regions of the Pagan Iran, and they had a broad social base, which inspired other Muslims with their extremism. The tragic death of Hussein prompted the Kufan ​​Shiites to search for ways to take revenge on his Umayyad killers and (in the future) transferring power to a representative of the “house of the prophet.” Some of the Shiites followed Suleiman ibn Surad, others supported al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubaid al-Saqafi, who arrived from Mecca, who voted himself the representative of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (637-700), son of Ali (not in id Fatimi). squad - Khauli bint Jafar from the Hanif tribe). Suleiman's vystup, having recognized the failure, drives him to the cob for 685 rubles. were defeated by Syrian troops. Zhovtni has 685 rub. al-Mukhtar rebelled in Kufa. His henchmen took the palace of the Namishnik (the protégé of the Meccan Caliph Ibn az-Zubair Abdallah ibn Muti) and forced the Kufan ​​nobility to swear allegiance to al-Mukhtar. About an hour later, the rebels captured Mosul and launched a nearby raid on Mecca. Torishny sickle 686 rub. on nar. The Khazir drove al-Mukhtar inflicted a heavy defeat on the Syrian army, captured Mosul at that time and advanced to Nisibin. Non-Arab Muslims (mawali) and slaves took an active part in al-Mukhtar's rebel, through which the noble Kufians withdrew from al-Mukhtar, and the Muslims opposed him. Al-Mukhtar supported the strata, having aroused the majority of the aristocrats and turned to the Barisians for help, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr. The Basrians fought their way into Kufa and blocked the residence of al-Mukhtar. After four months of obligation, al-Mukhtar’s followers surrendered and suffered for a year, and he himself died in battle in Kvitna 687 rubles. Regardless of the death of al-Mukhtar, the idea of ​​the Imamat of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya found favor among the Jews. The stench was taken away from the underground hiring of “Kaysanits”, in the name of the chief of the guard, al-Mukhtar Abu Amr Kaysan. The Kaysanites, following al-Mukhtar, attributed to Muhammad ibn al-Hanafih knowledge of the hidden secrets that were preserved in the clan of Ali, and on this basis they respected him as Ali’s defender. After the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, most of the people who gained the greatest annual rights to the Imamat, the Qaysanites were separated into a number of communities (which, on their own, began to fragment w dribne ob'ednannya). The tradition of the Kaysanites greatly enriched the dogma of Shia Islam and played a great role in the ideological preparation for the coming to the rule of the Abbasids. In opposition to Ibn al-Zubayr, the Syrian Arabs voted Marwan I (684-685), the son of al-Hakam, the cousin of Abu Sufyan, as caliph. His armor was furnished with a number of minds, zokrema, it was thought that after the death of Marwan, the ruler would go to Khalid ibn Yazid. Marwan conquered Damascus and in the battle of Marj Rahit defeated the Syrian followers of Ibn al-Zubayr, which allowed him to become the ruler of this province of the Caliphate. Until the end 684 rub. Marwan buried Egypt, which further strengthened his position. Therefore, after returning to Damascus, he voted his son Abd al-Malik (685-705) a descendant, thus planting another seed for the Umayyad family - the Marwanids. Just before the new caliph regulated the rivers from Byzantium, the ruins immediately, due to internal turbulence, greatly complicated the situation at the current cordons. The Byzantines expelled the Arabs from Rhodes, Crete and Cyprus, and also destroyed the bases of the Arab military fleet in Syria, thus turning themselves into a panic at the end of the Mediterranean Sea. The Arabs were squeezed out of Asia Minor and into Syria, where they were forced to succumb to Antioch. Vlitku 685 rub. Abd al-Malik was eager to finalize the unviable peace treaty with Kostyantin IV, by whom the caliph agreed to pay the Byzantine emperor thousands of dinars, one slave and one thoroughbred horse every day of peace. At 687-688 pp. military actions on the Byzantine-Arab border resumed, but now the successes were accompanied by the Arabs, who succeeded in defeating Antioch and, through diplomatic means, neutralizing the allies of the emperor - the Mardaites, which foxes in the Girsky regions of Syria. Emperor Justinian II, at this time, wants to overcome the pressure of the Slavs from Europe, seeking to establish peace with Abd al-Malik. The Arabs continued to pay tribute, but their size was rapidly decreasing, and the Byzantines pledged to resettle the Mardaites from Syria to Virmenia. Immediately after the peace treaty with Byzantium was concluded, Abd al-Malik began to fight against internal opposition. We had previously taken control of the city of Mesopotamia - the well-fortified center of the Kaisites of Kirkissia and the comrades of al-Mukhtar, Nisibin and Mosul, which were in their hands. At 691 rub. After the victory at Maskin, Kufa and Basra passed under the rule of Abd al-Malik. Near Mosul, Kufi and Basri, Abd al-Malik stationed his messengers. The first campaign against the Kharijites of Arabia ended in failure. However, the Kharijite union of Nadzhi ibn Amir inevitably fell apart through internal friction, and Nadzhi himself was killed in the early 90s of the 7th century. After his death, Nezabar sent a great army to Arabia, defeating the Kharijite leaders in Bahrain. Nareshti, spring 692 rub. the commander Abd al-Malika al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Saqafi began the campaign of Mecca, where Ibn al-Zubayr and his countless comrades gathered in the mosque. The inhabitants suffered from a shortage of food, and their actions were deprived of Ibn al-Zubayr, including his son Abdallah. 5 leaf fall 692 rubles, struggling to escape from the sharpness, Ibn az-Zubayr died in battle. With his death, the Caliphate was able to liquidate the split. It was no longer possible to return with his accomplices to Khorasan and put an end to the al-Qatari forces that had spread in the desert regions of Iran. With this method Abd al-Malik at 694 rubles. having entrusted the administration of all similar regions to the Caliphate al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (694-714), who for several years restored order there, cruelly strangling any support.

Spanish Umayyads, a dynasty that dates back to the representative of the Umayyad dynasty - Abd ar-Rahman I (756-788), which flowed to Spain after coming to the rule of the Abbasids. Abd ar-Rahman I fell asleep in the Emirate of Cordoba, becoming the X century. Cordoba Caliphate. The Spanish Umayyads ruled from 756 to 1031. Internal civil strife and feudal fragmentation led to the disintegration of the caliphate and the infiltration of low-ranking political forces among the local dynasts (muluk at-tafa).

Dates are correct according to the European calendar (left-handed) and according to the Muslim calendar - Hijri (at the arms)

"Spanish Umayyads 756-1031 (138-422)

756-788 (138-172) Abd ar-Rahman I ad-Dakhil

788-796 (172-180) Hisham I ibn Abd ar-Rahman I

796-822 (180-206) al-Hakam I ibn Hisham I

822-852 (206-238) Abd ar-Rahman II al-Mutawasit

852-886 (238-273) Muhammad I ibn Abd ar-Rahman II

886-888 (273-275) al-Munzir ibn Muhammad I

888-912 (275-300) Abdullah ibn Muhammad I

912-961 (300-350) Abd ar-Rahman III an-Nasir

961-976 (350-366) al-Hakam II al-Mustansir

976-1009 (366-399) Hisham II al-Mu

1009-1009 (399-400) Muhammad II al-Mahdi

1009-1010 (400-400) Sulayman al-Musta

1010-1010 (400-400) Muhammad II (second)

1010-1013 (400-403) Hisham II (secondary)

1013-1016 (403-407) Sulaiman (secondary)

1016-1018 (407-408) Hammudid Ali an-Nasir

1018-1018 (408-408) Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Murtada

1018-1021 (408-412) Hammudid al-Qasim al-Mamun

1021-1022 (412-413) Hammudid Yahya al-Mutali

1022-1023 (413-414) Hammudid al-Qasim (secondary)

1023-1024 (414-414) Abd ar-Rahman V al-Mustazhir

1024-1025 (414-416) Muhammad III al-Mustaqfi

1025-1027 (416-418) Hammudid Yahya (secondary)

1027-1031 (418-422) Hisham III al-Mu | tadd"

// Bosworth K. E. Muslim dynasties. Evidence from chronology and genealogy. Prov. from English P. A. Gryaznevich. M., Head editor of the collective literature of the publishing house "Science", 1971. P. 37.

“Spain was conquered by Muslims from 710-712 (91-93) pp.; up to 756 (138) rub. It, like other provinces of the Muslim Empire, was ruled by mercenaries recognized as Umayyad caliphs. Among the few representatives of the Umayyad dynasty, who fought in the face of the final battle, which marked the accession to the throne of the Abbasids, Abd-ar-Rahman, onuk of Hisham, the 10th Umayyad Caliph. After several fatalities, the Mandrevs were followed by unrest in Spain, where the Barbary and slaughtered Arab tribes competed with each other in order to establish themselves as sovereigns. Having rejected a favorable response, you landed in Andalusia for about 755 rubles. The majority of Muslim Spain succumbed to this fate (138); The invasion of the Abbasid troops was successfully defeated. His attackers fought on the throne of Cordoba for 2 ½ centuries, and they could not fight with great success against the Christians who were in favor at night, and against various parties in their powerful state. At first they were satisfied with the titles of emir and sultan; 929 (317) rub. Abd-ar-Rahman III took the title of caliph. That is true, he will be the greatest sovereign of this dynasty; not only by gaining unshared power over the sovereign subjects and by the fear of the Christian kings of Leon, Castile and Navarri, but also by liberating Moorish Spain from the main problems of Africa itself tsiv, and maintaining his power in the Mediterranean Sea with the help of powerful fleets. After his death there was no dear great Umayyad who would have survived him; Finally, the unity of the state was lost to the famous minister and commander Almantzor (al-Mansur). After this, at the beginning of the 11th century, Mauritanian Spain became an arena of struggle between parties and adventurers; a number of different dynasties emerged from Spain under the name muluq-at-tawaif (nursery rulers). Most of them were representatives of the most prominent dynasty, the Abbadid dynasty of Seville itself. The Abbadis were the leaders of the Spanish Moors in the fight against the Christian era; You will find, they were afraid to call the Almoravids for help, and the allies immediately turned to the Volodarians.”

// Stanley Len-Pul. Muslim dynasties. Chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions. Prov. from English z straight. ta add. St. Bartold. M., "Skhidna Literature", "Murakha", 2004. pp. 24-25.

The first ruler of the Umayyad dynasty was Muawiya I (661-680); ostanniy – Marwan II (744–750); and among them there are 12 more rulers, even different in character and in their sovereign activity.

The Umayyads are an honorably ancient Mekan dynasty. Muawiya I, one of the finest representatives of this family, having founded a new royal dynasty, voted himself caliph in 659 r. after the victory over Ali ibn Abu Talib and his death.

At 676 rub. For the first time in history, the inhabitants of Mecca and Medina recognized the decline of the rule of the caliphs, when they swore allegiance to the sons of Muawiya - I Yazid. The Umayyads built Damascus as the capital of the caliphate and conquered Syria.

During Yazid's rule, there was turmoil in the region - the Iraqi Shiites and the medical profession rose up.

Iraqi Shiites are representatives of a new trend in Islam. The stench confirmed that Ali, a close relative of the Prophet Muhammad, could become caliph. During the sermons, they cursed the three “righteous” caliphs, calling them usurpers of power.

After the death of Yazid's unfortunate fall, his son Mu'awiya became caliph - a talented singer, but a rather weak politician. The Suchasniki wrote that the new caliph indulged in excesses and did not take up the rights of the sovereign. As a result, the region became without control. Muawiyah died of the plague, without depriving the people of the descendants, and before the reign came the representative of another gilk to the Umayyad family - Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr. All of his reign was spent in the struggle for power with another Umayyad - Marwan. After the death of both, Abd al-Malik, son of Marwan, became caliph.

The reign of the new caliph began due to the growing problems in Byzantium. At 685 rub. A peace treaty was concluded with her on important Arab minds. This world was in its darkest decline, and the fragments in the middle of the state were gradually aroused by rebellion and exultation, which resulted from the surrendered armies of the caliph.

At 688 rub. The caliph defeated the Byzantines and took back the territory they had taken. At the same time, the Arab army fought battles with the Syrians, Barisians, and the Kharijite sect; In the distance, battles took place near Northern Africa. At 696 rub. The Arabs conquered Carthage. Everything African saved overnight on the continent passed into the hands of Muslims.

For Abd al-Malik, for the first time in the history of the Arabs, coins with Muslim symbols began to be issued.

The caliph's son and successor to the throne, al-Walid I, emerged as an energetic and far-sighted ruler. The new caliph, the fifth from the invaders of the Umayyad dynasty, conquered the province, although all 10 years of his reign were spent in constant wars with the Saudis. At 711 r. The Arab army expanded the borders of the caliphate to the mouth of the Indian River and subjugated Southern Africa, reaching the shores of the Atlantic. A great battle took place near the lipnya 710 rub. on the birch of the Vadi Bek river between the armies of Muslims and Christians.

The historic battle of Jerez de la Frontera on the right bank of Guadalajira became the first significant battle in history, a battle between the two largest secular religions - Islam and Christianity.

After the eight-day battle, the Christian Visigoths under the command of Roderic were defeated. After this, the Arabs invaded the territory of Spain and destroyed the Pyrenean Peninsula.

The reign of al-Walid passed into the history of the Arab Caliphate as the hour of its power and development.

After the death of al-Walid, his brother Sulaiman became caliph, and there were many more banquets and orgies from the lower kingdom. Under the new caliph, Muslims in 717 r. Constantinople was besieged both by land and by sea, and then after a few months the army was defeated by a terrible epidemic that engulfed the military camp.

After the death of Sulaiman, his cousin Umar II became the next caliph, who turned out to be a fanatical religion and for 3 years of rule did not achieve anything practically significant.

Advancer of Umar in 720 r. becoming Yazid II, son of Abd al-Malik. The new caliph, who took up poetry, music and the performance of various luxurious saints, spent the entire treasury of the state in 4 years.

At 724 rub. the throne passed to the new ruler of the Arab Caliphate - Hisham, brother of Yazid. At the time of the reign of the former Caliph, Hisham was an active member of the government, which easily suppressed the ongoing internal turbulence. The ruler of the Berberies was praised the most, as they were overwhelmed by a new humiliating obligation - the supply of daughters to the caliph's harem. At 743 rub. The Barbary and other rebels were completely defeated, and the empire was restored within its borders.

The state’s praise was impossible: in 744, during the beginning of the reign of the new caliph al-Walid II, Hisham’s nephew, religious sects waged battles against the ordinary army. A wise sovereign leader, but also a despotic man, al-Walid was brutally beaten by the rebels, and after that the throne passed from hand to hand several times. Two caliphs, Yazid III and Ibrahim, experienced their fates during the reign of the republic. They had the opportunity to fight against internal siege and suppress the uprising in the provinces.

At 747 rub. In Central Asia, a great slaughter of the main opponents of the ruling Umayyad dynasty began, which was opposed by three brothers from the Abbasid family. The Persian Shiites joined the rebels, and a small number of rebel armies conquered the territories of Iran and Iraq in 3 years.

The Abbasids, after they succeeded, found all the representatives of the Umayyad family, and the grandson of Hisham - Abd ar-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya, who was the only one who re-examined, having created the Cordoba Caliphate in Spain .