Moscow State University. You can see the methods of statistical caution. You can be careful about the accumulation of statistical units.
A deep comprehensive investigation of any economic or social process conveys the dimension of its complex side and the characteristics of its clear essence, place, role and interactions in the solar system with sleepwear. First of all, before starting to develop statistical methods for studying the phenomena and processes of marital life, it is necessary to have a comprehensive information base in order to fully and reliably describe the object investigation The statistical tracking process conveys the progress of the next steps:
- collection of statistical information (statistical caution) and initial processing;
- systematization and further processing of data, removed as a result of statistical caution, on the basis of their consolidation and grouping;
- detailed analysis and analysis of the results of processing statistical materials, formulation of findings and recommendations for all statistical research.
Statistical caution- the first and final stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, systematically organized process on a scientific basis for collecting primary data about various phenomena of social and economic life. The systematic nature of statistical caution It is believed that it will be carried out according to a specially detailed plan, which includes nutrition, related to the organization and technology of collecting statistical information, monitoring its quality and reliability, supplying bags ialiv. The mass nature of statistical caution to ensure the greatest possible accumulation of all types of manifestations of the traced phenomenon and the process, so that in the process of statistical care one is subject to the fluctuation and registration of several There are totalities that are included, and all masses are one totality. Systematicity of statistical caution This means that it must be carried out not sporadically, but spontaneously, but rather continuously, or regularly at regular intervals.
The process of carrying out statistical control is shown in Fig. 2.1.
Small 2.1.
The process of preparing statistical security transfers the designated mark and security object, the warehouse sign that supports registration, and the choice of security unit. It is also necessary to develop document forms to collect data and select the features and methods for extracting them.
In such a manner, statistical caution is a labor-intensive and intensive work that requires the acquisition of qualified personnel, thoroughly thought-out organization, planning, preparation and implementation.
See the methods of statistical caution
Without middle caution This is done by registering facts, especially those established by registrars as a result of examining, observing, and cleaning the sign of the item that is being processed. This method allows you to register prices for goods and services, determine working hours, take inventory of surplus stock in the warehouse, etc.
Opituvannya is based on collected data from respondents (participants in the study). Experience will stagnate in these situations, if caution cannot be achieved in other ways. This type of caution is characteristic of diverse sociological concepts and the formation of the public mind. Statistical information can be collected by different types of surveys: expeditionary, correspondent, questionnaire, and appearance.
Expeditionary (usne) training carried out by specially trained surveyors (recorders), who record the types of respondents on security forms. The form is a document form in which it is necessary to fill in the fields for confirmations.
Correspondent's opituvannya It is assumed that, on a voluntary basis, the staff of respondents reports information directly to the authority responsible for safeguarding. Not only that, but it is important to verify the correctness of the information received.
At questionnaire survey Respondents fill out questionnaires voluntarily and, most importantly, anonymously. Since this method of removing information is not reliable, it will stagnate in these investigations, where high accuracy of the results is not required. In some situations, it may be possible to achieve similar results, such as catching a trend and recording the emergence of new facts and phenomena. Javochne internment transfers the submission of information to the authorities that maintain caution, in a personal manner. This is the way to register the actions of the community: love, separation, death, nationality, etc.
Several types and methods of statistical caution in the theory of statistics are considered form of statistical caution: significance, specially organized statistical security, registers.
Statistical information- the main form of statistical caution, which is characterized by the fact that statistical authorities separate information about the tracking of items from the appearance of special documents that are submitted by enterprises and organizations in accordance with the term and in the established form Yu. The very forms of statistical reporting, methods of collecting and processing statistical data, the methodology of statistical indicators, the establishment of the FSGS, the official statistical standards of the Russian Federation and the obligatory ones for all subjects of the voluntary sector .
Statistical information is divided into specialized and typical. Display warehouse typical intensity Uniform for all enterprises and organizations, at that time as a warehouse for displays specialized sound depend on the specifics of various areas of the economy and sphere
activities. The following statistical terms are used: daily, daily, ten-day, double, monthly, quarterly, daily and river. Statistical information can be transmitted by telephone, communication channels, on electronic media with obligatory data on paper media, sealed with the signature of other people.
Specially organized statistical precautions is the organization by statistical authorities of the collection of records, either the collection of data that is not subject to publicity, or the further interpretation of public data, their verification and clarification. Various types of census, disposable security and specially organized security.
Registry- This is a form of caution, if in fact I become one of the few units of the totality that is accurately registered. Keeping an eye on the unit of totality, one assumes that the processes that take place there are forming the beginning, the continuation and the end. In the registry, the skin care unit is characterized by the totality of indicators. All records are saved until the security unit is at the register and has completed its duty. Some indicators are lost permanently while the security unit remains at the register, others can be changed from time to time. An example of such a register may be the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (UDRPO). Since then, all work has been carried out by the FSGS.
However, the choice of types, methods and forms of statistical caution depends on a number of factors, the main ones being the purpose of caution, the specificity of the object that is being guarded, the terminology of the presentation of results, obviously There is training of personnel, the possibility of stagnation of technical methods for collecting and processing data.
Software and methodological nutrition of statistical caution
One of the most important tasks that must be fulfilled during the preparation of statistical surveillance, i.e. the designated location, object and unit of surveillance.
Goals practically whatever statistical caution- obtaining reliable information about the phenomena and processes of married life in order to identify the interconnections of factors, assess the scale of the phenomenon and the patterns of its development. Based on the order of caution, its program and forms of organization are determined. It is important to establish the object of caution, i.e., determine what prompts caution.
Object of caution is called the totality of active cases and processes that facilitate investigation. The object of protection may be the totality of installations (credit, lighting, etc.), population, physical objects (buildings, transport, equipment). When an object of caution is established, it is important to strictly and accurately define the boundaries between the totalities that are involved. For this purpose it is necessary to clearly establish the essential signs, which mean: include an object in totality or not. For example, first carry out the quilting of medical facilities to equip them with current equipment, then determine the category, location and territorial location of the clinics that facilitate the quilting. Considering the object of caution, it is necessary to indicate a unit of caution and a unit of totality.
One with caution This is a warehouse element of a security facility, which contains information, i.e., a security unit bears a sign that facilitates registration. It is important to keep in mind the specific tasks of statistical caution, whether it is a domestic dominion or a people, for example, a study, an enterprise of a rural dominion or a factory. Units of caution are called in large units, How do they represent statistical significance to statistical authorities?
Unit of totality- this is a storage element of the security object, from which information about the security unit is obtained, so that the totality unit serves as the basis for the structure and has signs that promote registration in the security process. For example, when enumerating forest plantations, the unit of the totality will be the tree, the fragments of which bear signs that promote registration (a century, a breeding stock, etc.), as well as the forest dominion itself, in which the cultivation is carried out, is the unit of caution.
A skin rash or the process of married life may be an impersonal sign, but it is impossible to ignore information about everyone, and not all of them are of interest to the researcher, so when preparing the precautions, you should choose information about those Signs to facilitate registration are strictly for precautionary purposes. . To assign a warehouse to a registered warehouse, a security program must be implemented.
Statistical precaution program We call the totality of food, the evidence on which is observed in the process of caution and there may be inclinations in the statistical data. Developing a precautionary program is very important and important, and therefore, to the extent that it is properly implemented, the success of precautionary measures must be established. When developing a program of caution, it is necessary to follow a number of steps before it:
- The program is liable, if possible, to miss those signs that are necessary and the values that will be used for further analysis or control methods. Strive to complete the collection of information to ensure the extraction of good materials, then surround the information that is collected to ensure the extraction of reliable material for analysis;
- Nutrition programs must be formulated clearly to prevent misinterpretation and to prevent the information being collected from being contaminated with the senses;
- It is important to develop a logical sequence of nutrition; similar food or signs that characterize one side of the food should be combined into one section;
- The security program is required to carry out control functions to verify and correct the records that are being registered.
To carry out surveillance, you will need the following tools: forms and instructions. Statistical form- a special document of a single document in which the power supply types of programs are recorded. Depending on the specific level of care that is carried out, the form can be called a statistical form, a census or questionnaire, a card, a card, a questionnaire or a form. There are two types of forms: card and regional. Form-card, or an individual form for displaying information about one unit of statistical totality, and oblikovy The form contains information about the number of units in the totality. The invisible and basic elements of the statistical form are the title, address and subsections. U title part The name of the statistical authority is indicated to the authority that has approved this form, the terms of submitting the form and other information. U address part Please indicate the details of the security unit that is calling. Main, instead of the body, Part of the form appears in the form of a table, which indicates the name, code and value of the indicators.
The statistical form must be completed in accordance with the instructions. Instructions to fill out the instructions about the order of caution, methodical insertion and clarification before filling out the form. Due to the complexity of the software, the instructions are published in the form of a brochure or located on the back of the form. In addition, for necessary clarifications, you can contact the police officers responsible for carrying out surveillance, and the authorities that will carry it out.
When organizing statistical surveillance, it is necessary to balance the food supply around the hour of surveillance and the place where it is carried out. Vibir Time to exercise caution lie down under caution. Vibir time to be careful associated with the significance of the critical moment (date) and the hour interval and the designated term (period) of caution. The critical moment Statistical monitoring refers to the moment at which the data recorded in the monitoring process occurs. The term caution The period during which the registration of records about the item is required is determined, which is the time interval during which the forms will be completed. Define the term of caution in a way that is sufficiently distant from the critical moment of caution, so that you can establish the status of the object at that moment.
Nutrition of organizational security, preparation and implementation of statistical control
For successful preparation and implementation of statistical control, the highest levels of nutrition and organizational security are required. Therefore, an organizational plan of caution is formed, which includes the goals and duties of caution, the object of caution, the place, the hour, the terms of caution, the number of individuals, and the types of precautions required to be carried out.
An essential element of the organizational plan is an introduction to the security authority. It is also indicated that there are organizations that are in contact with the surveillance carried out, they may include internal affairs authorities, the tax inspectorate, Galuzev ministries, community organizations, individuals, volunteers and that too.
Before preparatory visits include:
- development of statistical control forms; reproduction of documentation of the process itself;
- development of methodological apparatus for analysis and presentation of results;
- development of software for data processing, purchase of computing and office equipment;
- purchasing necessary materials, stationery supplies;
- training of qualified personnel, training of personnel, conducting various types of instruction, etc.;
- carrying out mass educational work among the population and participants (lectures, conversations, appearances in the press, on radio and television);
- improving the activities of all services and those received by the entire organization;
- possessing the place of collecting and collecting data;
- preparation of channels for the transmission of information and communication;
- increased nutrition associated with financial support of statistical precautions.
Thus, the plan is to be careful to avoid low returns, resulting from the success of the work with the registration of necessary records.
Accuracy precautions and methods for verifying the reliability of data
Each specific measurement of the value of the data that occurs in the process of care, usually gives a closer value to the value of the object, which in another way differs from the true value of the value of the value. The level of conformity of the active value of any indicator or sign, separated from cautionary materials, is called accuracy of statistical caution. The difference between the result of caution and the actual values of the size of the box that is being guarded with mercy, be careful.
Depending on the nature, stage and causes of guilt, there are several types of caution (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1
Due to their nature, beatings are divided into sporadic and systematic. Vipadkovimi called pardons, the guilt of which is due to the actions of the decadent officials. Before them there is a guard against mistakes of the trained individual. The stench may be directly affected by changes or increased significance; in the end, the stench, as a rule, is not eliminated, and is mutually extinguished when the results of the precaution are collected. Systematic amends However, there is a tendency towards either a change or an increase in the significance of the signs. This means that vigilance, for example, is generated by an incorrect vibrating device, and by the still inaccurate formulation of nutritional control programs and others. Systematic amends create great insecurity, and the fragments of the significant world contribute to the results of caution.
Registration notices are carefully separated at the stage; problems that arise during the preparation of data before machine processing; calculations, such as in the process of processing using computational equipment.
Before registration pardons There are inaccuracies that arise when recording data on a statistical form (original document, form, form, census form) or when entering data into computing technology, when transferring data through communication lines (telephone, e-mail). Registration requests often occur due to the incomplete form of the form, i.e., the entry is divided into one row or column of the document. The meaning of the surrounding indicators is being confused and unclear.
Notes when preparing data before machine processing or during processing to blame at the calculation centers and data preparation centers. The guilt of such cancellations is due to poor, incorrect, unclear filling of data in forms, to a physical defect in the data, to the loss of part of the data through inappropriate technologies for saving information databases, or due to failures in the work Nya.
Knowing the reasons for the guilt of caution, it is possible to significantly reduce hundreds of similar problems with information. There are the following types of amends:
mercy to the vimir, associated with singing murders that occur during one-time statistical monitoring of the phenomena and processes of married life;
pardons of representativeness, What arises from the course of unreasonable caution is due to the fact that the sample itself is not representative, and the results drawn on its basis cannot be expanded to cover the entire population;
in the hope of mercy, Shi Vinikayut through the SVIDOM SPOSTARY DANYA RIZNIMI TsILAMS, Sereda Bazhannya Prorasiti, Dіsniy Stan Obetereznzhn, Snepaki, show the unprofitable camp of the O'Skta (Dana Sport -Formatziya є Virkhinnyas);
hateful mercy, may be of a sporadic nature and is associated with the low qualifications of the workers, their disrespect or lack of balance. Often such grants are associated with subjective factors, when people give incorrect information about their age, family background, world age, affiliation with a social group, or simply forget certain facts reported to the registrar information that has been deeply forgotten in memory.
It is important to carry out steps that will help you get ahead, identify and correct the rules of caution. It is clear to them:
- selection of qualified personnel and clear instructions to personnel related to the implementation of precautions;
- organization of control checks of the correctness of filling out documents, using either a selective or selective method;
- arithmetic and logical control of data extraction after completion of the collection of materials.
The main types of data reliability control are syntactic, logical and arithmetic (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2
Syntax control means checking the correctness of the structure of the document, the presence of necessary and obligatory details, the completeness of filling out rows of forms, depending on the establishment of rules. The importance and necessity of syntactic control is explained by the stagnation of data processing by computational equipment, scanners, which present a difficult task until the rules for filling out forms are finalized.
Logical control The correctness of the recording of the codes, the consistency of their names and the values of the indicators are checked. The necessary interactions between indicators are verified, different types of nutrition are identified, and unreasonable connections are identified. To correct amendments that were detected under logical control, return to the output documents and make corrections.
At arithmetic control Be sure to remove the bags from the previously secured check bags behind the rows and behind the columns. Often arithmetic control is based on the importance of one indicator over two or many others, for example, with the addition of other indicators. If arithmetic control of sub-bag indicators reveals that the storage is not correct, it will indicate the inaccuracy of the data.
Thus, control of the reliability of statistical information occurs at all stages of statistical control, starting from the collection of primary information to the stage of removing bags.
Fundamentals of statistics
Fundamentals of statistics
1. Understanding statistics
Statistics are one of the most recent clues about what has happened on the basis of the ruler's appearance. This guilt is connected with the needs of marriage in various fields.
Respect, the term statistics is similar to the Latin words stato (power) and status (stagnation, camp).
Underneath statistics, the sense understands science, which relates from the side of mass phenomena and its patterns.
Zagalna theory of statistics- methodological science, the science of the method, which is aimed at identifying patterns in the sphere, where the principles will be subject to mass caution, where there is a variation of signs in individual elements of the totality, where hidden patterns can It’s easier to get involved through the mutual cancellation of fallacies in several units.
2. Statistics is a science
2.1 Ways to develop statistics
The development of statistics as a science went straight ahead:
1st straight It came from the German Empire and is seen as a state-based study and a descriptive school. Representatives of this school focused on the description of the significant monuments of the state without analyzing the patterns and interconnections between them. The founder of the description school was the German scholar Hermann Konring.
Another direct The development of statistics began in England, and under the name of political arithmetic. Representatives of this school in their main departments valued the identification on the basis of great caution of various patterns and interconnections of phenomena that are involved. The founder of the school was William Petty.
2.2 The subject of statistics and basic concepts
The Belgian scholarly mathematician Adolphe Quétié examined the theoretical aspects of the state's knowledge and the practical work of representatives of the school of political arithmetic. Having given the importance of the subject of statistics - these mass objects are connected with the lives of marriage and people. We also learned from statistics regarding social knowledge.
Vidminny rice of mass displays:
1. The leather element may have multiple or individual marks, as well as hidden or similar ones.
2. The characteristics of one element of a mass box cannot be determined on the basis of the characteristics of other elements.
Value: Mass entities that are classified as statistics, seemingly faceless identical units with distinct individual characters, are called statistical aggregates.
Coming from this, we can say that the subject of statistics is various statistical aggregates, the investigation of which is associated with a number of characteristics and the identification of patterns that govern them.
Statistical totality is one of the main understandings of statistical science. The following concepts are associated with it: the unit of totality.
Value:Elements without any form that create the totality that is formed are called units.
Signs of units of totality:
The skin unit can be characterized by various types of clear and complex signs.
Since the song sign has different meanings of the song units of the totality, this is called variation.
Value: Regularity, shown onbasicsmass caution, tobto. appeared in a great mass of manifestationsthrough the hem of the powerful, its single element of randomness is called a statistical regularity.
The main task of statistics is not to abstract from the episodic and reveal the typical, natural.
There are three ways to identify patterns:
1. logical;
2. empirical;
3. according to the law of great numbers.
2.3 Statistics method
Mass caution, grouping and aggregation of the results, calculation and analysis of other indicators. All this is provided by the method of statistics.
3. StatistBe very careful
3.1 Statistical caution as a stage of statistical research.Statistical control plan
Statistical caution is the first stage of statistical research.
Value:Statistical caution is the purpose of scientifically organized collection of massive data about the follow-up of processes and phenomena that operate behind a previously fragmented program.
Vimogi to mass tributes:
Statistical data may continue to be updated. Regardless, there may be different mutual signs. The completeness of the data will ensure the accumulation of the most important signs and the necessary maintenance of objective findings. Since statistical precautions apply to certain areas at different times, it is necessary to ensure their density.
Under the summation of statistical data, one can appreciate the fact that they are unique in the world, war estimates, between administrative territories, time indicators, etc.
First of all, it is necessary to establish the order of carrying out statistical caution. For this purpose a detailed plan of precaution is developed to take revenge:
1. software and methodological part:
2. organizational part.
1. Programme-methodological nutrition plan with care.
This part of the plan may include:
a) precautions and precautions:
b) object and unit that promote quilting;
c) caution program.
The watchdog program includes overflowing food, where you are going to cut off your symptoms during fasting hours. The program can be enriched by the abundance of information and the breadth of coverage. The formulas of the food should be as short and clear as possible, avoid inaccuracy and spillage in the lines, and a hint is given if necessary for a uniform understanding of the power.
The software methodological part of caution has a specific statistical research tool, then. forms, which must contain the nutritional formulas, as well as instructions for filling them out.
2. Organizational nutrition according to the plan.
For the successful organization of security and complete suppression of the totality, an organizational security plan is developed.
You say:
a) subject of caution:
b) terms and place of investigation;
c) organization of data collection and processing technologies.
3.2 Formationsee statistical caution
Formy, see the methods of statistical caution.
Organizational forms of statistical caution | See statistical caution | Methods of statistical caution | ||
hourly registration of facts | from the accumulation of units of the aggregate | |||
1. Statistical information. | 1. Be more precise without interruption. | 1. Sutsilne. | 1. Without middle. | |
2. Specially organized security. | 2. Interruption: a) periodically; b) one-time use. | 2. Nesutsilne: a) vibirkova; b) the main massif; c) monographic. | 2. Documentary. | |
3. Registry precautions. | a) expeditionary; b) self-registration; c) correspondent; d) questionnaires; d) obvious. |
In German statistics, there are three organizational forms (types) of statistical care:
1. Publicity- this is the main form of statistical caution, in addition to which statistical authorities in the definition of terms distinguish between enterprises, establishing the organization of the necessary data in the form of established documents in the legal order, which is hidden We use signatures of individuals who stand for their authenticity and authenticity of the information that is collected.
Share: telephone, teletype, postal.
2. Specially organized security carried out by removing data, such as daily information, or to verify the data. It is practical statistics to conduct censuses of population, material resources, rich plantings, unestablished possessions, activities of unfinished household possessions, etc. In addition to census statistics, they carry out other specially organized precautions, in addition to budgetary restrictions, which characterize the structure of living expenses and family income.
3. Registry precautions- this is a form of continuous statistical monitoring of ongoing processes that lead to the fixation of the beginning, the development stage and the end of fixation. It is based on the statistical register. The register is a system that steadily monitors the unit of caution and evaluates the strength of the influx of various factors into the indicators that are included.
In practice, statistics are divided into population registers and business registers.
Types of statistical caution over the hour of registration of facts.
More precisely, care must be taken systematically, based on the facts. With periodic security, the registration of further detections is carried out through the songs, depending, however, on the hour. One-time precautions should be carried out once for the completion of any task, or repeated periodically every hour, if necessary.
See statistical caution for the accumulation of individuals in the population.
With complete caution, register without a single aggregate. With selective care, a selection of parts of the totality is selected in a random order according to the characteristics of the entire totality. In case of insufficiently careful attention to (the main mass) the greater totality is important and one part is clearly excluded, as it is clear that it plays a great role in the characterization of the entire totality . Monographic caution applies to the report on a small number of standard units of the totality.
Methods of registering facts and methods of extracting primary material.
Extreme caution is exercised in the process of registering the ones that are registered, and their sign is by specially seen persons on the basis of careful inspection, grooming, respect, showing adjustments, etc. Documentary care is placed on the right side as a source of statistical information on various documents of the primary sector of enterprises, installations, and organizations. When using statistical materials, it is necessary to register the types of evidence produced by the tested individuals. The expeditious method lies in the fact that a specially trained registrar is trained to create formulas that simultaneously control the validity of the records. During self-registration and self-assessment, statistical clerks distribute survey forms to surveyees, instruct them to collect completed forms, and control the completeness and correctness of the entries. The questionnaire consists of the fact that the divided questionnaire is distributed to a number of individuals and, after completion, is returned to the authorities who carry out precautions. The correspondent is responsible for the organization of special measures of correspondents by statistical authorities, especially those who procrastinate in places that carry out careful attention to the detailed form and instructions and inform the statistical data. to their organs. Yavkovy forwards the submission of information to the authorities, who are in charge of the appearance.
3.3 OshRisks of statistical caution
navmisni | |
hateful |
4. Zvedennia and grreliance on statistical data
4.1 Setting the statistical data
Value: Zvedennia representsis a complex of subsequent operations from the identification of specific individual facts that create aggregation, the identification of typical patterns and patterns that are powerful in the investigation of the hidden phenomenon.
Thus, if, with statistical caution, data is collected about the skin unit of an object, the result is a report that reflects its totality.
Statistical research must be carried out on the basis of advanced theoretical analysis of phenomena and processes.
According to the depth of material processing The creation is simpler and more complex.
Forgive the callers This is called the operation of cleaning the protective bags from the totality of precautions.
Skladne zvedennya is a complex of operations that include grouped units of care, cleaning of bags according to the skin group for each object and presentation of the results, grouped and summarized in a statistical table.
The work carried out is preceded by the development of these programs, which consists of the following stages:
Select group sign;
According to the order of group formation;
Development of a system of statistical indicators to characterize a group of objects;
Exploration of the layouts of statistical tables that can present the results of the calculation.
Behind the form of material processing The organization is both decentralized and centralized.
With decentralized integration(This is usually the case when collecting statistical data) the analysis of the material is carried out in successive stages. Thus, these enterprises are compiled by the statistical authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and then the records for the region go to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, and there the indicators as a whole for the people's rule of the region are determined.
With centralized integration All primary material goes to one organization, where it can be processed from beginning to end. Centralized information is required for the processing of disposable statistical materials.
Based on the technology, the statistical data is divided into mechanized and manual.
To carry out this work, a plan is developed that includes the organization of the work: what and when the operations are carried out, the procedure for carrying them out, the storage of records that support publication from time to time.
4.2 Methodgrouping in statistics
Statistically grouped- the purpose of dividing the entire collection of materials into groups and subgroups according to the appropriate signs for a comprehensive understanding of the manifestations and processes of married life.
The sign on which it is based is called groupish.
To encourage statistics to use statistics, two types of signs are important:
1. kіlkіsni (numbers);
2. clear (attributive).
Grouping by one sign is called simple, and grouping by two or more signs taken from each other one by one is called combination (folding).
After the grouping sign is selected, the number of groups is selected.
Since the grouping is based on a clear sign, then the number of groups is determined automatically - depending on how many different stations the totality (ones) is calculated.
When grouping behind a number of signs, the nutritional value of the grouping intervals is affected. The value of the interval is the difference between the maximum and minimum sign values in a skin group. Depending on the nature of the divisions of the aggregate units, the intervals may be different and unequal. If the signs have been divided between the variations to be equal, then the range of signs is divided into equal intervals, the doves of which are calculated using the following formula:
de Xmakі Xmin obviously the maximum and minimum values of the characters in this aggregate,
n- Number of established groups.
The number of groups can be set on the basis of previous research. In this case, since the number of groups needs to be determined independently, you can use the Sturges formula to determine the optimal number of groups:
n - number of groups
N – number of aggregate units
There are closed intervals, in which there is an upper and lower boundary, and open intervals, in which there is only one boundary: upper or lower.
Statistical groupings by tasks that are based on their help are divided into:
Typological grouping- this section of the clearly differentiated population into classes, socio-economic types, homogeneous groups is consistent with the rules of scientific grouping.
Structural is called grouping, in which there is a subsection of a homogeneous aggregate within a group that characterizes its structure in some way that varies.
Analytical This is called grouping, which reveals the interconnections between the following signs and signs.
4.3 Rows of divisions among statistics
Statistical series of divisions- this ordering divided the units of the totality into groups behind the song sign that varies.
Based on the signs laid down as the basis for illuminating the series of divisions, they are divided into:
1. Attributive- Rows of divisions, followed by clear signs.
2 . Variations- Rows of divisions, enforced behind the kolkisnoy sign. Any variation of a sign consists of two elements: variations and frequencies.
Options We take into account besides the significant signs that the wine takes in the variation series.
Frequencies- the number of different variants and skin groups in the variation series.
In parts name the frequencies, expressions in parts of one or hundreds to the result.
Depending on the nature of the variation, the signs are differentiated:
1. Discrete The variational series characterizes the division of a unit of totality behind a discrete sign (the value of the discrete sign increases beyond the whole value).
2. Interval variation series - It is important to note that in case of continuous variation of signs, there is a discrete variation that appears at the boundaries, then. The number of discrete sign options is large.
The best way to analyze the rows of subdivisions is to obtain their carbon dioxide image.
Polygon Vikorist is used to display discrete variation series.
Histogram Images of an interval variation series are received.
5. Statistical displays
Statistylish showmanship It is a distinct characterization of socio-economic phenomena and processes in the minds of clear importance. The importance of the indicator is clear because it is directly related to the internal space of the object being investigated and the process of its essence.
As a rule, the processes that are measured by statistics and the findings are complex, and their essence cannot be depicted beyond the aid of one strictly taken indicator. In this case, a system of statistical indicators is developed (a set of mutually dependent indicators has a uniform or multi-level structure and is aimed at the highest specific statistical goal).
5.1 AbsoluteTnі and vіdnosnі displays
Absolute statistical indicators.
Statistical indicators in the form of absolute values characterize the absolute dimensions of processes and phenomena tracked by statistics: their mass, area, length, length; beat their timely displays, and now they can become involved in totality, then. number of warehouse units.
Individual Absolute indicators, as a rule, are eliminated in the middle in the process of statistical caution as a result of observation, importance, support and evaluation of the kolkis sign, which is what to say.
Volume information The indicators are determined as a result of the aggregation and grouping of individual values (characterize the signs and the totality as a sign of the object that is being studied, and of any part of it).
Absolute statistical indicators are expressed in the current units of the world:
natural (tons, kilograms, kilometers, pieces);
vartisny (penny valuation of social and economic events and processes);
Trudovi (people-days, people-year).
Prominent statistical indicators.
Exhibition show It is the result of subdividing one absolute indicator into another and expresses the relationship between several characteristics of socio-economic processes and phenomena. In the case of a number worker, the indicator is called exact and equal, in the znamennik it is called the basis and basis of equalization.
If the equalization base is taken as 1, then the reference indicator is expressed in coefficients, if the base is taken as 100, then it is expressed in hundreds (%), if for 1000, it is expressed in promile (%0), as the acceptance base If it is for 10.000, then it is expressed in the prodecimal .
The heights, therefore, become stagnant if the absolute indicator exceeds the basic one more than 2-3 times. Hundreds over 200-300 must be replaced by multiple rates, a coefficient.
5. 2 Average indicators (values)
The average value, which is indicated by the characteristic characteristic of signs in a statistical aggregate in specific minds of a place and time, is the broadest form of statistical indicators.
Let's take a look at the types of averages that are considered for fallouts, if the skin from the variation series occurs more than once (then the average is called downtime, or unimportant) and if the option or intervals are repeated (the average important). The number of repetitions is an option - frequency. When choosing one or the other type, the average trace comes from the principle of consistency with the result when considered or relevant.
5. See statistical caution (behind the signs of the hour, the re-harvesting of units of the population).
See statistical caution. Statistical precautions can be divided into groups using the following signs:
° hour of registration of facts;
° hoarding of units of the totality.
During the hour of registration of facts there is continuous (or rather), periodic and one-time security. With continuous, controlled change, the phenomena that are changing are fixed in the world of their present day, for example, when registering people, death, becoming in love. Such caution must be exercised in the development of the dynamics of any phenomenon.
In the case of individual hunting, statistical caution is more or less significant. The duty of special care is to remove information about all units of the monitored totality.
6. The main stages of processing statistical data: grouping and aggregation. Their interconnections.
Based on the information collected in the course of statistical analysis, it is usually not possible to clearly identify and characterize the patterns of socio-economic phenomena. Therefore, caution is given to the information from the skin unit of the examined object. We take away the data with obfuscating signs. With this help, it is not possible to develop a general understanding of the object without first processing the data.
This is the next stage of statistical research - systematization of primary data and drawing on this basis the summarized characteristics of the entire object with the help of other statistical indicators.
It is built up by a complex of subsequent operations from the identification of specific individual facts that create aggregation, identifying typical patterns and patterns that are powerful in following the evidence.
Thus, if, with statistical caution, data is collected about the skin unit of an object, the result is a report that reflects the entire population.
Each unit of the statistical population is combined into a group using a similar grouping method. This allows you to “compress” the information, extract it under the hour of caution, and on this basis reveal patterns that are powerful to follow.
Groupings are called the subsection of impersonal units of totality, which is divided into groups behind the characteristic signs for them. Grouping is one of the most methodologically complex stages of statistical research.
The reasons for the need for grouping and the initial place in the system of statistical methods, in the clarity of the object of statistical research. It is a complex of private aggregates, which can be clearly and deeply varied, driven by different authorities, degrees of complexity, and character of development.
7. Zavdannya and zvedennya zvedennya. Statistical indicators as a tool for integration.
The most important stage in the investigation of social and economic phenomena and processes is the systematization of the primary data and, on this basis, the resulting characteristics of each object with the help of other indicators that can be achieved by the method grouping of primary statistical material.
Zvedennia- This is a complex of subsequent operations from the identification of specific individual facts that create aggregation, in order to identify typical patterns and patterns that are powerful in revealing what appears as a whole.
Based on the depth and accuracy of processing the material, the divisions are divided into simpler and more complex ways.
Just call– this is an operation for cleaning the protective bags from the totality of caution.
Skladne zvedennya- This is a complex of operations that include grouped precautions, cleaning bags according to the skin group for each object and presenting the results in a statistical table.
The implementation includes the following stages:
Select group signs
According to the order of forming groups
Development of a system of statistical indicators to characterize the group of objects as a whole,
Development of statistical table layouts for presenting the results of the calculation.
Behind the form of processing the material there are:
It is centralized, when all the primary material comes into one organization and is processed in it from beginning to end,
It is decentralized if the information is compiled by the statistical bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the collection of bags goes to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation and there the bag indicators as a whole for the people's dominion of the region are determined.
The technology used in statistical production is either mechanized (using electronic computing technology) or manual.
Statistical production is carried out according to the program, as it is necessary to develop even before the collection of statistical data, almost simultaneously with the established plan and program of statistical caution. The creation program includes a designated group and subgroup; display systems; seeing the table.
ENTRY
There is growing interest in click statistics at the current stage of development of the region’s economy and the formation of market stocks. Deep economic knowledge is gained from the collection, processing and analysis of economic information.
Statistical literacy is an unknown warehouse professional training of an economist, financier, sociologist, political scientist, and also any kind of fakhivtsa, who is right with the analysis of mass phenomena, which is a social scientist Ellen, economical, technical, scientific and other. The work of these groups of representatives is inevitably connected with the collection, analysis and analysis of data of a statistical (mass) nature. Often they themselves have the opportunity to conduct statistical analysis of various types and directness and become familiar with the results of statistical analysis conducted by others. At this time, any practitioner engaged in any field of science, technology, manufacturing, business or anything else related to the development of mass phenomena needs to be, for hire, a statistically literate person. It is impossible to successfully specialize in a wide variety of disciplines without mastering any statistical course. Therefore, knowledge of the fundamental categories, principles and methodology of statistical analysis is of great importance.
The basis for statistical literacy is greatly provided by the subject “The Basic Theory of Statistics”.
Apparently, for the statistical practice of the Russian Federation and the region, the SND, through the remaining fates, has deprived the most important nutrition of adequate information on the presentation of new socio-economic phenomena. Here, at a glance, comes the organization and analysis of data that characterize the change in the forms of government and the process of privatization, the ungovernment employment of the population and unemployment, the activity of market financial and credit structures and the thoroughly reformed without the tax system, new types of migration of communities and the support of disadvantaged social groups that have been displaced , and also a lot of other things. In addition, in order to expand the market data and the realities that are emerging, serious adjustments were made, the systems of indicators, the collection and analysis of data from traditional statistics of statistical caution: from the interpretation of the main results of industries of agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade, activities of objects social sphere too. bud. At the same time, the urgent need to obtain adequate and unambiguous information is systematically growing.
At the last hour, when approaching the organization of statistical monitoring of the socio-economic facts of life, they did not recognize the daily changes.
Statistical caution stands as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of investigation is determined by the fact that the limited amount of objective and sufficiently complete information, excluded as a result of statistical caution, at the early stages of investigation in order to ensure scientific Grounded drawings about the nature and patterns of development of the object that is being studied. Statistical precautions from the cob to the final stage, the removal of bag materials, must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCERNS
І YOGO STAGE OF CONDUCT
To investigate the socio-economic phenomena and processes of marital life, first collect the necessary information about them - statistical data. Under statistical data(information) understand the totality of a number of characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes, extracted from the result of statistical control, their processing and similar developments.
Statistical information is necessary for both government authorities and private enterprises. Thus, data about the economic situation in the region, about the basic purchasing power of the population, its stock and numbers, the profitability of various enterprises of the people's rule, the dynamics of unemployment, about the change in indices In addition to the goods required by government services for a comprehensive system of supplying enterprises and private individuals, introducing changes to the government and investment policy, development of approaches to social protection of different levels of the population. This information is necessary for private enterprises to plan and organize production.
The main powers of statistical information are mass and stability. First of all, it is connected with the peculiarities of the subject of research, statistics as a science, and another – to confirm that once collected information becomes immutable and, therefore, may become old. Therefore, the conclusions about the development of the phenomenon, compiled on the basis of the analysis of information, have been isolated from the fact that they may be incorrect and may be incorrect.
An important part of any statistical research is statistical caution.
Statistical caution This is a mass, systematic, scientifically organized monitoring of the phenomena of social and economic life, which lies in the registration of selected signs in the skin unit of the complex.
The application of statistical caution is the instillation of public thought, which is especially popular in Russia V By the remaining rocks. Such caution is exercised in placing people in front of certain food or alcoholic beverages. Vivcheniya suspіlnoi dumki is the basis of the secret system of tracking the market and its important warehouse. Such caution will require training at low levels with a predetermined program.
Statistical precautions can be carried out by state statistics bodies, scientific and research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms.
The process of conducting statistical control includes the following stages:
° preparation of caution;
° carrying out a massive collection of data;
° data preparation before automated processing;
° development of propositions through thorough statistical caution.
Any statistical caution will require careful, thoughtful preparation. There is a lot that lies in the reliability and reliability of information and its relevance.
Preparation of statistical control is a process for all types of work. From the very beginning it is necessary to choose methodological principles, the most important of which are the importance of the marks and the object of caution, the warehouse sign that facilitates registration; reparation of documents for data collection; The selection of a sound unit is a unit in which care is taken, as well as methods and techniques for extracting data.
In addition to methodological nutrition, it is necessary to address problems of an organizational nature, for example, the storage of organs that need to be monitored; select and prepare personnel to carry out surveillance; The calendar plan works from preparation, carrying out and processing of materials with care; carry out circulation of documents to collect data.
Carrying out mass data collection involves robots directly related to filling out statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census forms, questionnaires, forms, statistical data forms and ends with their creation after completion to the authorities that carry out surveillance.
The collected data at the stage of their preparation before automated processing is subject to arithmetic and logical control. Resentment and control are based on the known interactions between indicators and clear signs. At the final stage of monitoring, the factors that led to the incorrect filling of statistical forms are analyzed, and propositions are broken down with thorough caution. This is very important for organizing upcoming events.
Compilation of data in the course of statistical control will require a significant expenditure of financial and labor resources, as well as time.
META OF STATISTICAL CAUTION
The purpose of caution. Statistical precautions most often have a practical purpose - the extraction of reliable information to identify patterns in the development of phenomena and processes. For example, according to the micro-census of the population of Russia in 1994. There was an analysis of data about numbers, population, and place of residence.
Careful caution is essential to its program and form of organization. An unclear setting can lead to the fact that during the security process, unnecessary data will be collected or, in fact, information that is necessary for analysis will not be removed.
Object that one is cautious. One star. Before preparing the quilting, be sure to determine exactly what prompts the quilting, i.e., establish the object of the quilting.
Under caution Of course, this is a statistical system in which socio-economic phenomena and processes are monitored. The object of caution may be the totality of physical individuals (population of the surrounding region, country; individuals employed in the enterprises of the country), physical units (workstations, machines, living quarters), legal entities ( enterprises, farm kingdoms, commercial banks, initial mortgages) .
In order to appreciate the object of statistical caution, it is necessary to establish the boundaries between the totalities that are included. And therefore, note the most important signs as well as other similar objects. For example, the first step is to tighten the profitability of industrial enterprises, after taking into account the forms of power, organizational and legal forms of enterprises, industry regulations and regions, which encourage caution.
The skin object of statistical caution consists of several elements - a unit of caution.
From the statistics one of caution(Foreign literature uses the term “elementary unit”) to call a warehouse element of an object that bears a sign that facilitates registration. For example, with demographic constraints, one person may be cautious, or they may be a family; with budget restrictions - family and domestic dominion.
Caution units are separated from the sound unit. Stellar unit there is a subject from whom we can find information about the unit of caution. Thus, when organizing statistical precautions in capital everyday life, information can be received from project or contractor organizations, or from forgetting enterprises.
One cautionary note and one noteworthy one can be avoided. For example, if it is necessary to calculate the obligations of the capital investments spent on the river, then the enterprise-forgetting will immediately be one of the precautions and the organization that is called. However, when involved in the process of concentration of capital investments, the important unit, as before, will be the forgetter, and the unit of caution will be the life of the objects, the life of some knowledge of the forgetter.
STATISTICAL CARE PROGRAM
Statistical caution program. Whatever the reality, there are a lot of different signs. Gathering information from all the signs is incomplete, and even impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those signs that are relevant and fundamental to characterize the object, including investigation. To assign a warehouse to a registered warehouse, a security program must be implemented.
Caution program – This is a sign (or food) that encourages registration in the security process. In addition to how well the statistical monitoring program is developed, there is a lot of value in the collected information.
In order to correctly formulate a security program, the investigator must clearly present the details of a particular object and process, which means the set of methods used in the analysis, the necessary grouping and, on the basis, identify those signs that can be go to the hour of work. The program appears on the form of the census form.
Before the program of statistical caution, such benefits appear.
The program is obliged to misplace the essential signs that completely characterize the phenomenon that is being studied, its type, basic principles, power. You should not turn on the signs before the program, which may have different meanings, or the meanings of which will obviously be unreliable or daily, for example, in the original form, or in the absence of the corresponding units in the given one. information, which remains the subject of a commercial secret.
The nutritional programs must be precise and not ambiguous, otherwise the information may be misrepresented, as well as easy to understand, in order to avoid difficult difficulties in eliminating the information.
Before starting the program, you need to determine the power supply and their sequence. The logical order of the power sequence (sign) will help you obtain reliable information about the components and processes.
Be careful to dig up the territory of the region. When collecting information about the liveliness of live cats in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the area of the survey will be the territories of these two largest places in the region.
The choice of the hour of caution lies in the top two diets:
° setting a critical moment (date) or hour interval;
° meaning of the term (period) of caution.
At a critical moment(date) is understood to mean the specific day of the day, the year of the day, the day in which the registration of signs from the skin unit of the totality was carried out. So, for example, the micro-census of the population of the Russian Federation in 1994 was a critical moment. buv 0 godin at nіch from 13 to 14 fierce 1994 r. The critical point is determined by the method of removing equal statistical data. In order to monitor the exchange rates at the trading of currency exchanges in various places in Russia, it is necessary to obtain data on the rates of the US dollar, Japanese yen, German mark and other currencies registered on that very day . If the need to analyze the change in the sale of any currency on the exchange market in the current month is equal to the previous month, then it is not a critical moment that is established, but an hour interval, for which the statistical data is taken i.
The selection of the critical moment and hour interval is determined by the advanced tracking method.
Term (period) Caution is the hour during which it takes to complete the statistical forms, i.e. the hour it takes to carry out mass data collection. This term means the number of employees involved in the collection of information (the number of registered signs and one in the totality). Please note that a long-term period of caution at a critical moment or time interval can lead to a decrease in the reliability of the data that is being maintained. For example, a microcensus of the population was previously carried out in over a period of ten days from 14 February to 23 February 1994.
ORGANIZATIONAL WORK IN STATISTICAL CONCERNS
The success of any statistical caution lies not only in the diligence of methodological preparation, but also in the correct and timely implementation of a wide range of organizational nutrition.
The most important place in organizational work is occupied by personnel training, V processes in which various briefings are carried out by specialists of statistical bodies, with organizations that provide data, filling statistical documents, preparing materials for automated processing o.
Since the implementation of precautions is associated with the great waste of labor resources, the registration of statements during the hour of implementation often reveals individuals in the warehouse of the unemployed (unemployed) and certain categories of students (students of higher in, senior students of technical schools). At the hour of the census of the population, such individuals are called healers. Schedule timekeeping for staff. It is carried out on the training of doctors to correctly fill out statistical forms.
Reproduction of documentation of the training itself, documentation for conducting instructions and dissemination of them to republican, regional, regional committees and statistics departments is also due Organizational meals with caution.
During the preparation period, a large role is played by mass explanatory work: holding lectures, conversations, organizing appearances in the press, on the radio and television about the significance, goals and objectives of the upcoming meeting.
To facilitate the activities of all services involved in the preparation and implementation of surveillance, it is necessary to compile a calendar plan that works in the same way (names) and in terms of their definition for the skin organization, taken ї at the carried out quilting.
FORMS OF STATISTICAL CAUTION
At the stage of preparing the survey, it is necessary to understand how often it will be carried out, and to survey all units of the totality or at least some of them, how to obtain information about the object (by interviewing by phone, by mail, by email) be careful). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical control.
Form statistical caution. In German statistics, there are three organizational forms (types) of statistical care:
Significance (enterprises, organizations, installations, etc.);
Specially organized statistical security (censuses, one-time forms, general and continuous character surveys);
registry.
Statistical information. Vitality – This is the main form of statistical caution, in addition to which statistical authorities in the definition of terms distinguish between enterprises, establishing the organization of the necessary data in the form of establishing the legal order of documents, which They spit signatures of individuals who stand for their submission and reliability of the information that is being collected. Thus, publicity is an official document that contains statistical information about the work of a business, establishment, organization, etc.
Significance as a form of statistical caution is based on the primary form and its secondary features. The first document is a registration of various facts, concepts, compiled around the world of their work, that is, on a special document called the first document.
What is characteristic of publicity is that, first of all, it is confirmed by government statistics bodies. Providing information about unconfirmed forms and violations of scientific discipline. Otherwise, it is of a mandatory nature, so that all enterprises, institutions, organizations are obliged to submit them to the designated line; legal authority, which is signed by the official of the enterprise (establishment, organization); documentary priming, and all data comes from the documents in the original form.
It is proper to divide statistical data into typical and specialized ones. The stock of displays in the typical publicity is the unified enterprise of all galusies of the people's dominion. In specialized industries, the stock of indicators changes depending on the characteristics of certain areas of the economy.
Behind the lines, the data is shodenna, zhizhneva, bizhneva, monthly, quarterly and river. In addition to the river sound, all the lists are shown in the same tone.
Depending on the method of submitting reports, information is divided into telegraph, teletype, and postal.
Specially organized statistical precautions. Census Special precautions have been taken to remove information such as daily news reports, and to verify their data. The simplest example of such caution is the census. Russian statistics is practical to conduct censuses of the population, material resources, rich plantings, uninstalled installations, unfinished activities, installations and others.
Census – This is a specially organized precaution that is repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals of an hour, by separating data on the number, warehouse and camp of the object of statistical caution for a low sign.
The characteristic features of the census are: the fact that it was carried out at the same time throughout the entire territory that may be covered by land; ednist program of caution; registration of all units guarding the camp at that very critical moment. The program of caution, adopt ways of removing these data, if possible, you will lose the permanent ones. This allows us to ensure the comprehensiveness of the information that is collected and obtained during the collection of materials and the census of other indicators. Then you can determine the number and storage of the totality under investigation, and analyze its many changes during the period between two periods.
From all censuses, the most popular population censuses. The rest depends on the established number and distribution of the population in the territory of the region, the characteristics of its population, age, employment and other indicators. The first census of the population of Russia was carried out in 1897, and the last one – in 1989. m.
During the period of preparation of the official census, in order to clarify and test the program-methodological and organizational nutrition, we are careful to conduct a trial census. For example, such a census was taken among infants born in 1986. This area has fallen into disuse, with almost five hundred people living in it. The recording of records during the census of the population will be carried out in accordance with the conditions of their registration (without the ability to present any documents confirming the correctness of the census).
Censuses have brought about a great expansion in foreign statistics. Among them, the most important are the censuses of the national government, which are systematically carried out in the United States, together with the census of general industry, called censuses. (It is important to note that the word “qualification” has a similar meaning. It is not only a synonym for the word “census”. It also implies a number of signs, the obviousness of which when organizing security is a basis for implementing this other units before before the investigation of totality). American censuses are used by all businesses and are conducted once every five years (for days that end in the number 2 or 7). In the intervals between censuses, extensive sampling operations are carried out to fill in data gaps.
The program of such censuses transmits data on the size of the employed population, wages, wages, wages, and expenses for fasting; information on electricity consumption, capital investments, production volumes and quantities of renewed products, finished product inventories, production volumes of unfinished production, materials and production at the end of production, as well as Learn special food about the type of business you own.
Census forms are sent to businesses for completion by mail 4-7 months before the start of the census. This allows surveyed units to promptly and correctly fill out the census forms.
In addition to census statistics, other specially organized precautions are carried out, in addition to budgetary restrictions, which characterize the structure of living expenses and family income.
Registry form of caution. Registry precautions – This is a form of continuous statistical monitoring of ongoing processes that lead to the fixation of the beginning, the development stage and the end of fixation. It is based on the statistical register. The register is a system that steadily monitors the unit of caution and evaluates the strength of the influx of various factors into the indicators that are included. In the registry, the skin care unit is characterized by the totality of indicators. Some of them are deprived of constant attention for every hour and are registered once; Other indicators, the frequency of changes that are unknown, are observed in the world of change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators from the previous period of renewal. All displays are saved until the care of the unit being quilted is completed.
Organizing and maintaining the register is impossible without the latest supply.
° When should I add it to the register and remove it from the new unit of the totality?
° What information can be saved?
° What are the reasons for the brotherhood of tribute?
° How often do you update and update information?
In practice, statistics are divided into population registers and business registers.
Population register – renaming and regularly updating the flow of residents of the region. The program of caution is surrounded by secret signs, such as the date and place of nationality, the date of friendship (these tributes are deprived of the inevitable stretches of this period of caution) and the love camp (change sign). As a rule, registries store information only behind changeable signs, the change of meaning of which is documented.
Information is entered into the register for those born or arriving from behind the border. If a person has died or retired from the country, then information about her is obtained from the register. Population registers are maintained by neighboring regions of the country. When changing the place of residence, the records of each individual population are transferred to the register of the designated territory. In connection with this, the rules of registration to complete the complex and maintenance of the register will require large expenses, this form of caution is practiced in countries with a small population and a highly cultured population (most importantly, European countries).
It is necessary to note that the population register, as well as any register that respects the value of the totality of units, should be placed according to the number of characters enclosed. This register is used to carry out specially organized surveys, surveillance and population censuses.
Register of enterprises includes all types of economical activities and includes the values of the main signs for each individual unit to protect the object for the entire period or time. Registers of enterprises contain data about the hour of creation (enterprise registration), its name, address, telephone number, organizational and legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size ir entrepreneurship) and in.
Our region has three registers: industrial enterprises, industrial enterprises, civil servants and contractors. The introduction into statistical practice has significantly advanced the information and analytical levels of statistics and has allowed the development of a number of economic and statistical tasks, which are inappropriate for other forms of statistical caution. Currently, work is underway to create a unified register for sovereign units. It is of great importance to the advanced system of national accounting and statistical practice.
The Unified State Register of Enterprises and the Organization of All Forms of Power (UDRPO) makes it possible to organize more careful monitoring of the number of statistical indicators of enterprises registered on the territory of Russia It allows you to select continuous rows of indicators whenever territorial, Galuzian and other aggregate structures change.
The register contains data on all enterprises, organizations, installations and associations regardless of their forms of government, including enterprises with foreign investments, banking institutions, public affairs data and other legal entities.
Information fund for the register, first of all, the register code subject; in other words, information about Galuzev, the territorial affiliation of the subject, its ordering, the type of power, the organizational form; thirdly, dovidkovy vidomosti (names of kerivniks , addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, etc., information about the principals) and, fourthly, economic indicators. The remaining values are entered into the register on the basis of accounting and statistical data, which are submitted to regional statistical authorities. The register contains data about the following indicators: average number of employees; koshti, to straighten out for accommodation; zalishkova vartіst basic benefits; balance profit (cbit); statutory fund. Since the register is maintained across several territories, regional statistical services can expand the stock of economic indicators for different needs.
EDRPO allows selection and grouping of any totality into one or more characters.
The collection of data about security units is carried out during the process of their sovereign registration and further development.
When the liquidation commission is closed, the ten-day term notifies the registry service.
Members of the registry can be either legal or natural persons who receive information.
METHODS OF STATISTICAL CAUTION
Methods of statistical caution. Statistical information can be extracted in a number of ways, the most important of which are extreme caution, documentation of facts and experience.
Without middle They call it such caution, in which the registrar itself is the way of the uninterrupted vimir, respect, grooming and checking of work, etc. bud. establish a fact, continue registration, and submit entries in the security form. This is a way to stop during the hour of caution for the introduction of livestock.
Documentary method Caution of bases on the basis of statistical information on various documents, usually of a taxological nature. With careful control over the formulation of the primary form and the correct completion of statistical forms, the documentary method gives accurate results.
Opituvannya – This is a way of being careful in which information is removed from the respondent’s words. Vіn conveys a brutally strong sign that delayed registration under the hour of caution, and is used to extract information about phenomena and processes that do not lend themselves to immediate direct caution.
Statistics have the following types of survey: expeditious (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and appearance.
At sleepy(expeditionary) specially trained practitioners (physicians, registrars) collect the necessary information based on their knowledge of the types of individuals and record the types in the form be careful. The form of the sleep survey can be direct (as is the case during the population census), if the doctor “night-to-night” communicates with the individual respondent and indirectly, for example, by telephone.
At self-registration The forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, and the doctors hand out the forms of the questionnaire to them, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.
Correspondent method It is believed that reports to the authorities that maintain caution are provided by a staff of volunteer correspondents.
This type of testing requires the least amount of money, but does not guarantee that the material being extracted is of high quality, so it is not always possible to immediately check the correctness of the excerpted evidence.
Questionnaire method transmits a collection of information as questionnaires. The singing stake of respondents is given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either especially or in the context of publication in the periodical press. These requests are of a voluntary nature and are usually completed anonymously. Zazvichay, take back fewer profiles, unzip them. This method of collecting information is subject to caution. The questionnaire is based on simple principles, where high accuracy is not required, but close, oriented results are needed, for example, with the widespread idea of the work of public transport, commercial enterprises, etc.
Yavkovy way transmits the submission of information to the authorities who conduct security in person, for example, before the hour of registration of love affairs, people, separation, etc.
When choosing one type or another, it is necessary to take care: to ensure the accuracy of the trace; the possibility of practical implementation in one or another way; material improvements.
SEE THE STATISTICAL CAREFUL
See statistical caution. Statistical precautions can be divided into groups using the following signs:
° hour of registration of facts;
° hoarding of units of the totality.
Behind the hour of registration of facts there is no interruption (more precisely), periodic and one-time caution. With continuous, controlled change, the phenomena that are changing are fixed in the world of their present day, for example, when registering people, death, becoming in love. Such caution must be exercised in the development of the dynamics of any phenomenon.
Data that represents object changes can be collected by stretching several stitches. You need to follow a similar program and tools called periodic. This type of caution applies to population censuses, which are carried out through every 10 years, and the registration of prices of manufacturers for various goods, which are carried out at the same time.
Overnight The information provides information about the various characteristics of any phenomenon or process at the time of its investigation. Repeated registration will be carried out every hour (unknown later) or may not be carried out later. An immediate inventory of unfinished industrial activities in 1990 was carried out.
For the burial of units of the totality Statistically, the caution is either valid or not. Zavdannyam sucіlnogo Caution is used to remove information about all units of the totality being monitored.
Until the end of the day, the Russian system of state statistics was spiraling towards extreme caution. However, this type of caution has serious shortcomings: there is a high risk of extracting and processing all kinds of information; great waste of labor resources; There is a lack of timeliness of information, and it takes a lot of time to collect and process the fragments. And we find that greater caution will not ensure the complete burial of all units of the totality without blame. More or less one is obligated to lose the posture of caution as a result of conducting one-time examinations, and for such forms of caution as publicity. For example, at this time, a significant part of the enterprises of the non-state sector does not submit the necessary information to the authorities of the state statistics, despite the praises of the Law of the Russian Federation “On reporting for violating the procedure for submitting state statistical information”.
A large number of unharmed units lie among the rich officials: type of quilting (by mail, with the help of oral training); type of star unit; registrar qualifications; I will change food, transferring them to the care program; one o'clock in the afternoon, if quilting is carried out, then others.
Necessary caution is transferred to the spine, so that the quilting is extended by only a fraction of the totality that is wound up. When this is done, it is important to note which part of the totality is subject to caution and how to select those units that may be subject to quilting.
One of the advantages of unnecessary precautions is the ability to obtain more terminology and with less expenditure of resources, without requiring any special precautions. However, with less effort, the collected information also requires extraction, verification of reliability, processing, and analysis at lower costs.
There are many types of bad caution. One of them - vibirkov's caution. It is necessary to expand the view, based on the principle of gradual selection of these units of the totality, which turns out to be necessary to be careful. With proper organization, sampling control allows for accurate results, giving complete characteristics to the entirety of the totality being monitored. This has the advantage of vibratory caution over other types of bad caution.
The size of the sample population depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon that is being investigated. The sample aggregate will represent all types of units that are included in the totality. In another case, the selected aggregate will not accurately represent the proportions and duration characteristic of the aggregate in any obligation.
A type of vibrational anxiety method of momentary caution. The essence of this lies in the fact that information is collected by registering the value of the unit of the sample population. V actions in advance at the appointed time. Therefore, the method of momentary precautions transmits the selection of one of the totality being monitored (selection from space), and the moments of the hour at which the registration of the subject to be tracked is carried out - selection of the hour).
This type of caution is stagnating as the population's incomes tighten.
The offensive type of non-suctional guarding is not a method main massif In this case, the best conditions are given, taking into account the largest units of the totality, which, for the most part (for a specific investigation), represent the largest nutritional value in the totality. This very type is being used to organize monitoring of the work of local markets.
Monographic quilted with a kind of untreated caution, in which the quilting is subject to several units of the following totality, including representatives of some new types of objects. It is carried out with the aim of identifying obvious or intended trends in the development of this phenomenon.
Monographic quilting, separated by several units of care, combines them with a high level of detail, which cannot be achieved with a strong or natural quilting. Detailed statistical and monographic analysis of one plant, farm, family budget, etc. allows us to catch the proportion of connections that are licked from the field of view during mass precautions.
Thus, with monographic application of statistical caution, several units of aggregation are applied, and they can be either single episodes or aggregations of small size. Monographic quilting is often carried out by ordering programs of the new mass collateral. We can say that there is a close connection between scientific (or selective) and monographic guards. On the one hand, for the selection of units of caution, which may be subject to monographic research, vikoryst data of mass quilting. On the other hand, the results of monographic studies make it possible to clarify the structure of the studied totality, which is even more important, the connections between the adjacent signs that characterize the phenomenon that is being studied. This allows us to clarify the mass surveillance program, the characteristics and main signs of the object of investigation.
CAREFUL PARKLES
Accuracy of statistical caution to call the level of type of magnitude of any indicator (the meaning of any sign), determined based on the materials of statistical caution, its effective value.
The difference between the expansionary and operational values of the following quantities is called with mercy, be careful.
The accuracy of the data is primarily subject to statistical caution. In order to avoid being careful, anticipate, identify and correct their guilt, it is necessary:
° ensure clear instructions to the personnel who will conduct
a cautious child;
° organization of special sections or special controls
checking the correctness of filling out statistical forms;
° carry out logical and arithmetic control of the extracted data after completing the collection of information.
The reasons for guilt are clearly divided between registration issues and representativeness issues.
Registration agreements This is a distinction between the values of the indicator, kept under the hour of statistical caution, and the actual, operational values. This type of amends can be for either judicial or non-judicial reasons.
Systematic reductions in the registration will always lead to a tendency either to an increase or to a change in the value of indicators for the skin care unit, and therefore the value of the indicator for the totality as a whole will include accumulated damage. By the way of statistical calculation of registration during sociological surveys of the population, the population can be rounded up, as a rule, in numbers that end in 5 and 0. Most of the surveyed, for example, are 48-49 and 51-52. to say that we have 50 rocks.
In addition to the registration of approvals, representativeness is characteristic of undue caution. The reason lies in the fact that the selected and trimmed aggregate does not accurately represent (represent) the entire visible aggregate.
The final value of the indicator of the output aggregate in the form of the value behind the output aggregate is called pardon of representativeness.
The benefits of representativeness also occur sporadically and systematically. Vypadkov's decisions fail because the selected aggregate does not uniformly make the entire aggregate the same. This value can be estimated.
Systematic compromises of representativeness are a result of the violation of the principles of selecting units from the output population, which may lead to caution. To identify and correct assumptions during the registration of purchases, therapeutic and logical control of the collected material may be used. Representativeness (as well as registration data) can be sporadic or systematic.
Rakhunkovy control It is believed that there is a reversal of the accuracy of the arithmetic structures that were formed when the numbers were folded and the filling forms were filled out.
Logical control It is necessary to re-verify the results of nutrition programs with the aim of their logical interpretation and the way of equalizing the data taken from other sources from this food.
An example of a logical statement can be the list of the population census. So, for example, on the census sheet, the yard boy is friendly, and the nine-year-old girl is literate. It is understood that the dietary intake is incorrect. Such records require clarification of statements and correction of accepted grants. An example of this could be information about the wages of industrial workers, which is related to the quality of products. Trading with the butt of such logical control may include information about the payroll fund, such as in the case of profit, and in the case of capital expenditures.
After removing the statistical forms, we next need to check the completeness of the collected data, i.e., determine which units filled out the statistical forms and the values of all indicators entered from them. The next step in monitoring the accuracy of information is arithmetic control. It is based on a variety of ligaments between the values of various indicators. For example, since the collected data includes information about the number of industrial and manufacturing personnel, the average production of commercial products per worker and the output of commercial products, then the addition of the first two indicators may date the value of the third Nick. Arithmetic control will show that the amount of data does not add up, but will indicate the unreliability of the collected data. Therefore, before the program of statistical caution, it is necessary to include indicators so that we can carry out arithmetic control.
If corrections were made that were detected under logical control, you will need to go back to the data sheet again.
MORE PRACTICAL THAN THE VIBRIC METHOD
ADVANCED EMPLOYMENT SERVICE CLIENTS.
Structural changes in the economy have had a significant impact on employment (increasing unemployment rates).
Where do people go who are without work? From the beginning of the skin, it is necessary to practice control “with one’s own strength.” Often, after unsuccessful searches, the robots turn to the employment service agencies, whose main tasks are the care of the citizens, who are employed in them for a specialty with sufficient pay for each person, hand-over-hand roztashuvannya.
In order to demonstrate proper work, it is necessary to provide information about the skin that will require treatment.
The importance of analyzing the stock of unemployed people who entered the employment service is important. The results of the analysis will not only be collected, but also collected for use.
The number of those who return to employment varies from month to month, from season to season. To assess the situation and identify the needs of the unemployed, sampling can be carried out. An undeniable advantage of the sampling method is the minimal amount of time required to extract representative data.
To form a sample population from the general population that returned to the employment service, you can use a standard sample that transfers the front section of the general population to the same groups, which are established in looking at specially carried out standard, grouped units of the general totality and selection of obvious, naturally formed boxes. In this situation, the number of those who seek help from the practitioner can be divided into men and women, seeing them at the same level of education, specialties, planting and other signs and in skin removal For each group, make a selection proportional to the number of groups.
At the design stage, the insurance system of the selected totality is insured. When selecting units in proportion to the number of typical groups, the number of precautions for each skin group is calculated using the formula:
de n i - selection procedure for the i-th typical group;
N i - material of the i-th standard group;
n – zagalny obsyag vibіrki;
N - official duty of the general election.
After conducting the election surveillance, the data on the election results are released. To determine the boundary value of the selection of the average value of the variable sign with repeated selection of the variable, the formula is:
Dx = t s x 2 / n * (1-n / N).
Whose coefficient of trust lies within the level of reliability, which guarantees the value of the sample cut-off limit. It is recommended to use a higher level of reliability than 0.997 (t=3). A confidence level of 0.997 means that only people in 3 rounds per 1000 can exceed the established limit.
To obtain additional information about the unemployed from the general population, you can conduct a survey. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to complete a questionnaire - to obtain additional information for practicing the profession and for the purpose of those who are applying to the employment service. Thus, in the questionnaire you should include information about your education, profession, experience and remaining place of work. Following the results of the survey, a number of people will begin to take courses to improve their qualifications and acquire a new profession. By extending the results of selective control to the general population, it is possible to determine the number of future events that will begin - but it is necessary to make a decision about the completeness of the organization of the courses and their implementation. Thus, decisions about the organization can be made based on a questionnaire survey of a minimum number of those who have returned to employment.
If you include in the nutrition questionnaire about the benefits of a non-robot before a new job, you can indicate the area, geography, mode of operation and other characteristics of the desired job. By removing the data, it is possible to equalize the number of unemployed people with the obvious vacancies and mean the possibility of treating those who have returned to the employment service.
The most complex and advanced stage of the questionnaire is the formulation of nutrition. Therefore, nutrition may be consistent with the topics and tasks of the investigation. The form of nutrition may be oriented towards nutrition.
Let's take a look at the low nutritional requirements, as on me, and include them in the questionnaire. To determine the level of qualifications, the level of special and advanced training, qualification levels and categories, and work experience are discussed. For greater report characteristics, you can include nutritional supplements with foreign languages, about the beginners of work with PEOM.
The analysis of the social structure of unemployment demonstrates the identification of the structure of the unemployed according to the main social beliefs and groups, according to the level of income.
The choice of a new place of work, in addition to the appointment of officials, will depend on the state of health. In connection with this, nutrition is destroyed for those who are limited to work in the area of health.
For example, at the end of the questionnaire, the respondent is asked to formulate a hidden thought based on the background, propositions, and expectations.
Based on the practical rules, you can determine the size of the designed questionnaire. It is important that 20-30 minutes is a sufficient hour, which allows without running out of supplies for all meals.
A questionnaire survey of residents who applied for employment made it possible to collect information about the labor market in Cheboksary.
Labor market warehouse:
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Name of group |
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Vilnius pratsivniki |
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Zvilneni za vysnym bazhannyam |
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Graduates of secondary schools, universities, secondary specialized schools, vocational schools |
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Mechanical population growth |
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Excavated from the glory of the armored forces |
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Do not borrow the population |
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Released from the place of liberation |
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The women who came out of the territorial exit to look after the baby |
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Together |
The main part falls on those who are in need of moisture and those who have suffered from short-term illness. The most common reason for this is very low wages, as well as shortened wages. As a result of the painful work at the permits without saving wages (in administrative permits).
Of course, information about the causes of unemployment is necessary for the effective work of employment agencies and can easily accommodate the selection of work according to the individual capabilities of each person.
The results of the survey were followed by actions to ensure equal awareness among men and women.
Divided the respondents for the information and article.
The main part of the robotic ones become individuals from the background of the middle illumination, therefore, the possibility of practicing this category is determined and possible before illumination.
According to these data, about half of those who have reached the level of employment (40.5%) have two, and a large number of professions. Now it’s time to ask: “What do you expect your mother’s (additional) specialty to be?” 61.5% of respondents responded positively. Mostly young people, the middle age of 29 years, which revealed the need to start new professions in courses directly from the employment service. Until their next day of work, the skin of a person combines their physical capabilities with actual demands on the work performed. In connection with this, our questionnaire was based on nutrition and health, as stated below:
Divided the respondents behind the health camp.
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Health ratings |
All respondents |
including men women |
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Practically healthy |
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May be limited to different types of work |
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Together |
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Health data is another of the many factors that influence the choice of place of work.
Thus, the selective method, and the close-up questionnaire of unemployed people, allows you to capture highly sensitive information in a short time and with minimal expenses.
VISNOVOK.
The federal program “Reform of statistics in 1997-2000” considers the reform of the statistical control system as one of the main program areas. The task is set: “...to renew methods of collecting information, implementing combinations of approaches, apparently to some great and middle enterprises of all forms of power will be surrounded by vicious method of obliku, small production - sampling method.
Statistical precautions ensure the extraction of necessary data about the varying values of these and other indicators and, of course, are liable to change according to the possible system of statistical precautions.
First, as a result of the federal program for reforming statistics, it is necessary to create a system of registers, subregistries and data banks that allow accumulating, updating and consequently transforming basic information , is necessary for the establishment of methodically folding methods of caution. Unfortunately, regardless of Zusilla, the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations continues to be deprived of little use for these purposes.
Otherwise, it is necessary to address the problem of the primary statistical information. The influx of allowances on the final result of caution is growing immeasurably, and great sums are spent on verifying the initial data. Regardless of all the psychological complexities, it is necessary to look at the food accompanying the publication of statistical data and their accuracy. We must be reasonable: without instructions for accuracy, there is no statistical data.
The program approach allows us to carry out a whole complex of approaches to a comprehensive system of statistical control: first, on the basis of a system of statistical indicators, the socio-economic development of the transfer of the most important approaches to the transfer and implementation ії economic reforms in the system of national government, the methodology of the most important indicators that are insured at the time of the census, disposable, quilted and monographic quilts.
The indicators are expected to be maximally oriented towards the methodology that is stagnating for international statistical data, as well as being free from market conditions during the period of stagnation.
There is a proposal to develop and implement the practice of a statistical system of qualifications for low-quality public figures.
The price has a number of signs (depending on the degree of expression), the detection of any statistical work (census, sampling, etc.) is a basis for identifying the object before further investigation totality.
The system of qualifications can be established for the implementation of disposable clothes and quilting, which rely on them without any enterprise or organization, which is important for the entire population.
Coming from the programs of a comprehensive statistical control system, the sequence of stages of its development and implementation is presented:
1. Significance of the flow of statistical indicators that characterize the most important economic processes for social security, as well as the flow of indicators and objects of statistical security, information about which may be removed before with the help of censuses, election control and disposable images;
2.Development and development of forms of information for biological monitoring, as well as forms and programs of vibrational monitoring and the necessary mathematical apparatus for expanding the data of vibrational monitoring for the entire set of objects;
3. Expanding the system of licensing information and the necessary mathematical apparatus to expand the licensing system for the entire set of objects;
4.Introduction of economists to the methods of selective, monographic, and censorship publications.
LIST OF VIKORISTAN LITERATURE.
1. Bashet K.V.<<Статистика коммерческой деятельности>> M: Finance and statistics. 1996 r.
2. <<Вопросы статистики>> 1996 r. No. 1, No. 11.
3. <<Вопросы статистики>> 1997 r. No. 2, No. 4, No. 5.
4. Elesieva M.A.<<Общая теория статистики>> M:<<Статистика>> 1988
5. Kharchenko L.P.<<Статистика>> M: INFRA – M 1997
Topic 1. Statistical caution
1. Understanding the process organization of statistical control
2. Basic organizational forms of statistical caution:
2.1. Publicity
2.2. Registry
2.3. Population census
3. See the methods of statistical caution
Powered 1.
Statistical caution є scientific organizations for data collection.
The process of carrying out statistical control includes the following stages:
1. programmatic and methodological preparation for conducting precautions.
2. organizational preparation for conducting security.
3. choice of form, method and type of statistical caution.
4. Collection of careful data, accumulation of statistical information.
In order to ensure the complete security of the object and the reliability of the records that are collected, a place of security is clearly established in the organizational plan. Place of statistical caution – This is the place where the registration of facts that are to be guarded and the filling of statistical forms is carried out immediately.
The place of security is often escaped from the local security unit. For example, statistical information about the activities of a development company, a commercial bank, an insurance company is based on the location of their location. It is more difficult to pay attention to the place of caution when specially organized surveillance is carried out, since the security units of the monitored object change or can change the place of their occurrence. For example, during the census of the region’s population it was recorded that insurance is strictly for the place of residence, and not for the place of work or service.
An important part of the established organizational plan is the determination of the time at which registrations will be made at the time of statistical monitoring of the data. Hour of caution - Nowadays, we will be recording data from the process of statistical control.
On the right is that the object of statistical caution, which obliges the warehouse to change over time. Depending on the nature of the object and its specifics, as well as the essence of the indicators that describe this object, the indicators can be recorded on a particular date (on the beginning or end of the day, on a specific date) or for a specific period of time (m Isyats, quarter, rik toscho) . So, for example, data about the production of products, about the material resources of an enterprise are also recorded for the current period, and the population of the region, the exchange rate of foreign currencies are also recorded for the same date.
Thus, the hour of vigilance includes the established term (period) of vigilance, and in some cases, the moment of the hour for which the units of vigilance are responsible.
Line (period) of caution – During this period of time, statistical forms are being filled in, so that the monitoring of the installed program is registered.
The term caution, as a rule, conveys the date of the cob and the completion of statistical caution. For example, the term for conducting a microcensus of the population in 1994 becoming 10 days - from 14 to 23 fierce. This was an hour, with such a stretch it was carried out.
The Critical Point of Statistical Caution – At this point in time (particular river, day and year), the registration of data that is collected in the process of statistical control is carried out. As a critical moment, you should choose 24 years - the same time, so that the moment of transition from one goal to another. All reports, regardless of the hour of registration, must be recorded as they were at a critical moment. All changes that are made with caution after a critical moment are not taken seriously. So, for example, during a microcensus of the population in 1994. Because of the critical moment, 24 years from 13 to 14 years were selected, and everything that was born after 24 years from 13 to 14 years, registrations were not extended and were not included in the census lists. Establishing a critical moment of caution ensures the completeness of statistical data about all units of caution.
The main importance of the successful implementation of statistical control lies in the personnel resources. The number of people who carry out security must be determined by the object of security, the number of security units, warehouses, according to the term, the program and method of conducting security, the territorial division of security units, etc. what personnel
To carry out statistical care, this includes training and instructing personnel to develop practical skills in correctly filling out statistical forms.
The preparatory stage of organizing statistical control involves the preparation and reproduction of forms, instructions, other documentation and their distribution on site. Prior to the most important preparations, statistical precautions must be taken to promote it through media outlets and locally. The successful implementation of statistical control will be ensured by a clear structure and fragmentation of its organizational plan.
Powered up 2.
The main organizational forms of statistical surveillance include: surveys, registers and specially organized surveillance (for example, census).
Power supply 2.1.
Publicity - This is an organizational form of statistical control, if the terms of the list are established by the relevant statistical authorities of the enterprises, the organization and installation of various organizational and legal forms in the form of regulations new order of historical documents (statistical data).
Significance is the most important form of statistical bias. It contains basic regional and statistical data about the activity of enterprises, organizations and other economic entities. All forms of statistical information are confirmed by the authorities of national statistics.
The data sheet is subject to statistical caution in the form of information and the first types of records in the accounting and operational documents.
The responses are signed by persons who are responsible for the timely submission and accuracy of the information.
Vigilance as a form of caution is characterized by the following main features:
a) viscosity (skin swelling requires the submission of information about the flow of manifestations behind the forms, to the addresses of the lines that are confirmed in the established order);
b) legal force (forms of information and an official document, they are signed by the head of the organization or the head accountant, who, by law, bear responsibility for the reliability of the statements that are located at Please note that their registration and submission is timely and correct);
c) documentary organization (all statistical data are based on the documentation that documents government operations. We ourselves will ensure the high reliability of the statistical data and the ability to control it).
They separate the foreign power and the internal power. Head speciality foreign power It is believed that it is obligatory for all enterprises, the establishment of the organization of various organizational and legal forms and is submitted to the authorities of state statistics. Internal household awareness It operates within the boundaries of the local ministry or department. It is installed for outbuildings, organization and installation.
Forms of information can be either standard or specialized. Typical number - This is important to show, however, to all enterprises, the organization and establishment of various organizational and legal forms, and the introduction of various processes and types of activities. Specialized position entered for enterprises, organizations and installations, which may have special features. It is necessary to place the order from the basic indicators that are typical of the same type, specific indicators that are characteristic of new organizational and legal forms, types of activity and production.
For periodicity Submission of reports is divided into periodic and one-time. Periodically parity – This is the information that is sent through the same intervals of the hour or exactly the date. For example, no later than the 5th of each month. Periodic alerts are divided into I'll make sure, the period of presentation does not outweigh the fate (quarter, month, day, etc.), and I'd like to say, the period of presentation becomes the calendar year. One hour I'm not famous - This is a product that is served only once or if necessary, without frequent intervals.
Straight through The importance is divided into centralized and decentralized. Significance is centralized found and compiled in the state statistics system with further transfer of processing results to various government bodies, including ministries and departments. The importance is decentralized is collected from the relevant ministries and departments with further transfer of the necessary data to the state statistics authorities.
Power supply 2.2.
The Federal Service for National Statistics is forming a specialized database - Statistical register of Rosstat (Statreistr Rosstat).
When the statistical security unit is turned on, the Statregister uses international Russian classifications of technical, economic and social information to identify them. To identify specific statistical tasks, the State Register can use Galuzev's classifiers.
The Statistical Register is the basis for the organization of federal statistical authorities, including economic censuses of the Russian Federation.
The Statreist has the following information:
Information, compiled from secondary data from administrative officials, about the ownership of organizations - a unit of statistical attention to the sovereign sector of the economy, subjects of natural monopolies, organizations that hold licenses to engage in various types of activity;
Additional signs of units of statistical caution.
p align="justify"> To formulate and update the State Register, the Federal Service of State Statistics collects the necessary information from administrative bodies - state information resources and systems, including registries (registers of filings) of which bodies, government mine management bodies, licensing bodies, etc.
Power supply 2.3.
In recommendations UN population census is called “the complex process of collecting, collating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data about the entire population who lived at the current moment in the region and clearly adjacent parts of the region.”
All information about the population is being collected at this moment - a critical moment for the census. This is a specific day and hour before which the collection of data must be scheduled to ensure the integrity of the data being withdrawn.
1) Gotivka population
- individuals who are present at the time of the
censuses on this territory, including those present in this territory;
2) permanently populated - individuals who live permanently at the time of the census in this territory, including daily residents. The permanent population includes those who live in this territory permanently (name), as well as those who work every day for a period of no more than 6 months and arrived at work for a period of 6 months or more more.
Between the numbers of the permanent and active population there is the following distribution:
Permanent population = Gotivka population - Timchasovo present + Timchasovo daily.
As a rule, when conducting a census, the categories of the ready-made and settled population or the offending categories are selected at the same time.
Principles of conducting censuses :
1. confidentiality of censuses . Information is collected, as far as possible, about all the people who live in the territory of the region, as well as about the citizens of the region beyond its borders. This principle, for all intents and purposes, is difficult to achieve, since the majority of the population is in one place, and flows of people are gradually moving across the territory of the region. Data about the population are collected by name, and about the skin of the people;
2. regularity of the census . According to UN recommendations, population censuses are carried out at least once every 10 years;
3. self-importance . Information about the population is, as a rule, derived not from documents, but from the words of people;
4. Collection of information about the population is carried out using different methods : by the sampling method (as in the censuses of the population of Russia), if the doctors immediately ask the patients for nutrition and record the types; the self-enumeration method, in which the census forms are filled out by the residents themselves;
5. The unit of the census is family and household , unimportant to those who collect information about every person at the hour of the census;
6. The census must be carried out centrally behind a single program. It is a simple principle to allow the eradication of the equal data of the population of the region.
Program to take revenge on the census separated :
1. address information;
2. demographic information: become, age and date people;
3. nutrition related to the settlement of the permanent and/or permanent population, as well as to the analysis of the migration movement (the place of the people, the place of residence, the number of fates of that, the triviality of living in the place of residence, etc. );
4. community, ethnicity, food about the native language and the language of everyday consumption and so on;
5. nutrition about lighting;
6. socio-economic characteristics (employment, employment status, lack of employment, unemployment problems, etc.);
7. Indicators of love and people-lovingness.
Also, before the census program, food can be turned on.
The census is not limited to the collection of data; an important stage is the development and publication of census materials. The census program consists of hundreds of thousands of tables detailing the different sections that represent the census. A significant portion of these tables are published both at the same time and at the same time in neighboring regions.
Depends on the time-hour factor There is more caution and more precisely. Be more careful It is carried out systematically through the continuous registration of facts in the world of their guilt (registration of assets of the civil society). Interrupt with caution means that the registration of facts is carried out regularly at regular intervals or whenever necessary.
There are periodic and one-time breaks based on statistical caution. Periodic they call caution, which is carried out regularly, through song equal to the intervals of the hour (population census). Immediate caution be carried out if necessary, hour after hour, without further repetition, or carried out once and never repeated.
