A message about the Rostov Kremlin. Rostov Kremlin, Ivan Vasilyovich is changing his profession. A unique monument to the past
The program of many excursions to the Golden Ring of Russia includes the city of Rostov the Great. The Kremlin really impresses with its great number of gilded domes. Chi oboronna tsia sporuda chi one enclosure with Murom monastir? You know this from this article. We also know that you will marvel at the Kremlin of Rostov the Great. The Aje complex is really great. It consists of the Assumption Cathedral, five churches and a whole series of living and royal disputes. There’s also a garden here. Let us first begin with our virtual tour of the Kremlin, to say that there were a lot of people who never came to Rostov the Great. Even this ancient residence became a natural backdrop for the filming of the cult Radiansk film comedy “Ivan Vasilyovich Changes Profession.”
How to get this other useful information
The addresses of this memo are simple: Russian Federation, Yaroslavl region, Rostov Veliky metro station, Rostov Kremlin. It is also difficult to reach her. In a private vehicle, you must take the highway that leads from Moscow to Kholmogory. From the capital's Yaroslavl station there are direct trains and lines to Rostov the Great. From the Shchovkivske metro station, buses and minibuses go to this place. Well, you can totally indulge yourself in a short one-day excursion to this ancient Kremlin. The place does not have any difficulties. The Golden Baths of the Church can be seen from almost anywhere in old Rostov. The Kremlin functions like a museum. Vіkrit from the tenth to the seventeenth year. The museum operates on a single day off – 1 day. Aside from the frescoes of ancient temples and the thick fortification walls, they are open for tourists to view, especially in the warm season - from the first grass to 1 zhen. A ticket for an adult costs three hundred rubles, and for a child or a pensioner - one hundred and eighty.
What is the Kremlin?
We are in no hurry to enter at the wide entrance gate. I’ll take a look at the whole complex from afar, from the shore, and while there are some beautiful photos, let’s listen to a short course in the Kremlin. In the Middle Ages in Russia, it was customary to surround important settlements with fortification walls. The name “Kremlin” etymologically resembles the ancient Russian word “to protect”, “to protect”. In Ukrainian language, the more authentic word is “to strengthen”. This is the name given to the territory that was fortified as unprotected land. These quarters were called “posada”. Once the enemy arrived, the population hid behind the walls of the Kremlin. Only this citadel could support attacks and assaults. Can the Kremlin of Great Rostov be called Alechi? It appears no. From a distance it looks both ominous and grand. Let's come closer and understand why.
Kremlin (Rostov the Great): history
Behind the walls of the fortress, the prince lived with his armed retinue. All Kremlins in Russia are built to resemble fortifications. The stinks of the massive walls with battlements. Over the entry gates, poles were hung so that the warriors could repel the attack of the warriors. The Kremlin was often surrounded by a moat, filled with water. Through a new place, which in times of trouble is raised by a special mechanism. The Rostov Kremlin doesn’t have much of this. Because I was pursuing a different idea. But at the wrong time. The author of the work is Metropolitan of the Rostov Diocese Iona Sisoevich. In 1670, he decided to make his residence a symbol of the “city of God fenced in from the world.” Monasticism was respected by the “angelic rank,” and the Metropolitan wanted to hesitate “mayzhe.” The idea was to create a single ensemble, in a single style. In this place, churches, gardens, and bets organically come together. Let's go to the head, most importantly, that the residence of the Metropolitan is a pseudo-Kremlin. When there is a nearby enemy with artillery, it will be absolutely dry.
Budivnytstvo of the Kremlin
Sisoevich did not live to finish his work and was not able to have mercy on his child. Yogo on the right continued to be the defender of the pulpit - Joasaph. The Kremlin of Great Rostov was completed until 1700. Then I will be around thirty years old. But here history has made its own adjustments. Yaroslavl has become a more lively and great place, and Rostov the Great. The first department of metropolitans was moved there. This happened in 1787. The Rostov Kremlin has rapidly fallen. There were no services at churches, and metropolitan chambers and other buildings were rented out as warehouses. In the middle of the 19th century, the local bishops decided to demolish the Kremlin. The great one was betrayed by the local merchants. In the 1860s and suddenly in the 1880s, charitable donations were collected for the restoration of the complex. Already in 1883, the first museum was clearly a church institution for the community.
Converted to a nature reserve
They did a really good job celebrating the renovation of the monument to the elders from 1886. Then Mikola the Other, the successor to the throne, took the Kremlin of Great Rostov under his special patronage. From now on, all the high nobility of the Russian Empire were obligated to donate a sum (and amount) for the restoration of the ancient residence of the metropolitans. And in 1910, the Duma, by its decree, gave the Rostov Kremlin the status of a foreign-Russian museum. From now on, the importance behind the site of the monument has been taken away from the shoulders of the community. The cats were released from the state treasury. Radyanskaya Vlada did not begin to change anything. In 2010, the Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate began to pay attention to the monument. It was planned to hang the museum exhibitions in the new building, and the chambers and churches were given over to the bishop's residence. Only under the pressure of enormity did this project burn out.
Rostov the Great, Kremlin: excursions
If you make it a point to take a good look at all the former residences of the metropolitan, you will end up spending at least a few days in the place. Eleven towers, walls, temples and monasteries, the Lord's door. And what else is there to do with the chamber of the “pokir” servant of God Ioni Sisoevich! You can look around at the main monuments of the Rostov Kremlin yourself. It’s best to listen to the guide’s message. You can buy several types of tickets from Kasya. Even within the walls of the residence there are a number of museums: local history, harmat, finanti, dzvinkiv and bubontsy, etc. If you want to climb the fortifications and marvel at the frescoes of the temples, If you have saved yourself, you will need to buy a ticket for the excursion “Walk the Kremlin Walls.”
Assumption Cathedral and Dzvinitsa
Let's focus on the main aspects of the residence. You can see the Assumption Cathedral, in which we are already five years old. Apparently, there was a small church here in the tenth century. The temple was rebuilt and expanded several times. This cathedral dates back to the seventeenth century. Its architecture infuses the Moscow style. Surely, the Metropolitan ordered the architect to create a copy of the Assumption Cathedral in the capital’s Kremlin. The ceremonial heads of the temple were inspired by centuries later (they were given sholomo-like blows, struck with a ploughshare). Varto go into the middle to have mercy on the iconostasis and visit the necropolis of the metropolitans. And here is the grave of Joni Sisoevich. The ring was founded back to the seventeenth century. Just listen to the melodic ringing - the Kremlin of Great Rostov itself is famous for it.
Bishop's door
From the lower part of the complex we pass to the central one. This, lordly, is the Kremlin of Great Rostov. The Metropolitan's chambers are fenced with murami. Above the entrance there are two tower churches - the Resurrection Church and the Church of St. John the Evangelist. The chambers themselves house museum exhibitions.
The Rostov Kremlin, whose history began in the sixteenth century, is a hostile and grandiose dispute. It is even more beautiful with its five churches, ancient fortified walls and the Assumption Cathedral. The Rostov Kremlin has another name - the Bishop's (or Metropolitan) door.
History of the Rostov Kremlin
At 1670 r. The life of the dispute began, and Metropolitan Iona Sisoevich became its deputy. For this project, the complex will be created to create a paradise for the world for a biblical description. Literature has a history of representations like a garden, edifications of murami and vezhas. At the center we will have the maven's bets. The Kremlin of Rostov Boulevard has been left until 1683.
Deadly hours for the Kremlin
3 1787 r. Finally, having ceased to be victorious, the fragments of the metropolis moved to Yaroslavl. Postupovo The Rostov Kremlin began to fall. Divine services at the cathedral were no longer held. The Metropolitanate wanted to sell the entire complex for evil. The share of the architectural ensemble was ingratiated by the merchants.
"Kamyaniy Phoenix"
You saw cats during the restoration of the marvelous complex. In 1883 The Rostov Kremlin was open again. The Museum-Reserve of Antiquities, which transformed the complex, was founded in 1886. having lost under the intercession of the remaining Emperor of Russia Mikoli Another. In 1910 The pre-revolutionary State Duma gave the Rostov Kremlin a foreign-Russian status.
The budget of the region began to regularly see costs for the development of the architectural complex. Born in 1953 A strong hurricane passed through, as a result of which the Rostov Kremlin suffered greatly. Many sporuds are known for restoration. And after a short hour, the architectural ensemble stood again at its place of worship.
Assumption Cathedral
It consists of three main zones: the Bishop's Door, the Cathedral Square and the Metropolitan Garden, where the fruit tree is planted. On the territory of the complex there is the 5-headed Assumption Cathedral of the Rostov Kremlin, the history of which dates back to the 20th century. From one of these temples, only the Leontievsky side church, also known as Pecherniy, lost its title. No one preserves the relics of Bishop Leontius.
At 1314 rub. Bartholomew was baptized at the cathedral, who later became St. Sergius of Radonez. From the 1660s. painted frescoes appeared on the walls of the temple, carved by the hands of Guriya Nikitin. More often than not, fragments have been preserved from Donina’s earliest creations. At the top the cob frescoes were covered with new layers. External decorative details add special significance to the cathedral.
Dzvinnytsia
The ritual of the Rostov Kremlin was initiated in the period from 1682 to 1687. Find yourself on Cathedral Square. The bell has thirteen unique bells that vary in size and size. The stench lasted from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Every call rings with names. “Sisy” is the greatest. The total weight is approximately 32 tons. “Sisiy” is a name for the glory of Metropolitan Joni.
Another great unit of names in terms of size is “Polyeline”. They rang until recently, gathering people for the holy church. The weight of “Polieleyny” is approximately sixteen tons. Ring with the names of creatures and birds: “Goat”, “Swan” and “Ram”. During the Great Lent, “Hunger” was vikated. In general, the entrance to the bell is paid, and the beats at the bell are protected.
At the lower tier of the hall there is a souvenir shop and a workshop called “Black Polished Ceramics”. This industry was developed (and became traditional) on Rostov land in the sixteenth century. The ceramics are fired in half to smoke without adding sourness. As a result, the flowers develop a coal-black color, which is then painted with other colors. The workshop also shows the process of preparing souvenirs.
Rostov Kremlin: description of internal disputes
At the Metropolitan's court, administrative units were established, one of which housed the Judgment Order. In the seventeenth century, on the territory of the complex a two-surface sporuda appeared, which led to the creation of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. There you will lie on high bases with slits cut into them for asymmetrical collars.
The stench is vile - foul and pungent. Below the church there is a magnificent front Holy Gate. Godinnikov's vezha stood in front of the church. Nina lost her base, because even in the 19th century there was a danger of collapse.
The Rostov Kremlin had special housing for clergy to live there. The rooms were called metropolitan mansions. At first the stench was two-top, and then a third tier appeared. After about an hour, the alarm bells started ringing for decorations. Today, the mansion is recognizable only behind the ornamental belt and narrow windows on the front side. On the territory of the complex there was a brewery and a bakery.
Another great sporuda is the Chervona Palata. It involves two ganks and ends with two attacks. Emperors and kings hooted at her upon arrival. Another unique complex is Budivel - the Church of the Rostov Kremlin to the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. The lower basement of the building was built in 1675 rubles. On the other side, the lord's services were held, and the Church, the Refectory and the Veddat's chambers were located on the other tier.
The church is quite unimportant. On the surface of the façade there is a three-piece pediment. Find out what is causing the crit on all slopes. The middle of the church is richly tidied up. More than half of the space is taken up by the holidays before Christmas.
In the last church, the five-domed Church of St. John the Evangelist was rebuilt. At that time she was in the greatest possible position. In other days, it was decorated with a new rich decor. The Church of Hodegetria became the final point of the life of the grandiose Rostov Kremlin.
External walls
The Kremlin walls and other buildings were built after the completion of the main architectural ensemble. The stench is from the old battlements and wide window openings, which is completely uncharacteristic of a fort. The Kremlin walls became, rather, the modern color of the Rostov Kremlin, less dry fortifications. This can be seen behind the flamboyant decor. The battles were added to continue the tradition.
The Rostiv Kremlin, a museum-reserve of architecture, is dedicated to the history of Radyansky and Russian cinematography. On these fortnight walls there was a race for the famous actors of the most popular comedy film “Ivan Vasilyovich is changing his profession.” In 2010 Filming for the series “Rozkol” was arranged at the Rostov Kremlin.
Today, the Rostov Kremlin has become a museum of sovereign significance. No one has the largest collection of fine art. A number of bays are visible for the art gallery. Where noble exhibits are displayed. In the middle of the White Chamber (previously it was the room for priests) there is an exhibition of ancient times.
The Rostov Kremlin (Metropolitan Door) is the colossal residence of the Metropolitan of the Rostov Diocese, built in the center of Great Rostov on the birch of Lake Nero. The name “Kremlin” was assigned to the metropolitan court, even though it’s over.
In the history of world culture, these are the wonders of the world that were the most famous and meticulous monuments created by human hands in the ancient kingdom. In the history of the culture of Rostov the Great, there are three such “miracles”, known not only in Russia, but also in the world: the Rostov Kremlin, Rostov bells and Rostov finery.
The temple above is the Church of the Resurrection of the Lord.
The building of the Rostov Kremlin - whose priceless treasure of Rostov the Great - is still devoid of a mysterious concept, unfathomable to me. And no less for me. The rich people who are in charge of the Rostov Kremlin are worried about their food: what was happening in the center of the Russian state, which at that time was not directly threatened by military insecurity, was such a strong fort built? But it’s no less important - at what cost did Rostov Metropolitan Iona Sisoevich spend thirty years engaged in this grandiose activity? In his book “Rostov” M.M. Tyunin wrote the following sentence:
“The Rostov Metropolis was a rich feudal lord. The census of 1678 included 16,118 forests, plenty of land, forest, salt pans, various lands and estates in the districts: Rostov, Yaroslavl, Biloozersky, Veliko-Ustyuz, Vologda and others . To manage them, a special system was created with a staff of 269 people. In addition, great profits came from church services, chapels, chapels, circle collections of relics, icons, and contributions from rich people.”
When Iona Sisoevich returns to Rostov after the conflict with the tsar, he immediately begins to work at the metropolitan court, more like a fortress. However, it is clear that the fact that they wanted to throw out a loud cry to the Tsarina here seems to be quite courageous. And in this respect, it is different - so much so, in an architectural manner, like the book “Rostov the Great” earned the respect of M.N. Tyunin.
At first glance, the walls of the Rostov Kremlin really look like castles - they have battlements, varnish crevices, along these passages it was possible to walk around all eleven towers of the Kremlin: two lookout towers with guards flanking them five kulovs. Everything is like a true fort, prote Rostov Kremlin is not a military dispute. At that time, due to the obvious need for strong artillery, the fortification of the fortress was already different. We can guess, for example, that the Peter and Paul Fort near St. Petersburg was inspired a little by the year of the Rostov Kremlin. The axis has already demonstrated all the benefits of the new science of fortification.
However, with all due respect, it can be noted that Iona Sisoevich could not openly be a modern military fort, which would immediately raise suspicions that the axis of the military would have restored the ancient architecture in order to be more elegant. But here it is important to respectfully admire the walls of the Rostov Kremlin, to gain respect on the battle line. The base battlements are in the walls and the towers are daily. The middle line is completely absent, and the line of the top battle at the tops is continued by windows with platbands. There were holes in the windows and in the walls, under the warts there used to be wide gates. What kind of a fort is this, since there are so many weak, unprotected places in it?
It is easy to overturn the arguments, but they are also easy to understand: in times of military insecurity, all these “weak points” could be easily eliminated.
But the firebrand lies in the wrong place, it was possible to vikorize the Rostov Kremlin as if it were a military fort. The Patriarch would never go to war with the Tsar. Most of all, at that hour, when Iona Sisoevich began to build the metropolitan court, Nikon, his patron, was already officially relieved of the patriarchal title and began to pose a real threat to the tsar. As a reasonable and enlightened person, Iona Sisoevich would not dedicate his life to ordinary chimeras. It’s just that he is a creator by nature, and the rich metropolitanate of Rostov, which was responsible for great gifts and over fifteen thousand projects, allowed him to create his grandiose architectural project. The axis and all the explanations why there is a metropolitan door in Rostov, so similar to a fortress.
Cathedral Square
The Rostov Kremlin was founded in 1670-1683.., Following the single idea of the deputy - Metropolitan Joni Sisoevich. This idea was conveyed to the created paradise in full conformity to the biblical description: the walls of the Garden of Eden with the mirror in the center.
Above the Church of the Resurrection, one of the entrances to the Metropolitan Church.
Dzvinnitsa of the Assumption Cathedral
Ring in which Ivan Vasilyovich Bunsha got lost, and in which Georges Miloslavsky completed “Moscow Evenings”. Did you remember the movie “Ivan Vasilyovich Changes His Profession?”
You can climb up to as much as possible throughout your entire life. The signs don’t ring, so Miloslavsky’s feat has become unique.
Most of the buildings of the Kremlin that have come down to us were inspired by a much later cathedral, mainly during the reign of Metropolitan Joni (1652-1690), which influenced the formation of the artistic image of these disputes. So, for this idea it’s close to 1682 rubles. A ring was sounded for the day's gathering outside the cathedral. At the same time, the Moscow masters Philip and Cyprian Andreev created two great ringings for the tsunami: “Polyeleiny” for 1000 poods and “Swan” for 500 poods. Later, in 1688 Master Flor Terentyev made a great call for 2000 poods, which was based on the name “Sisy”, on the riddle about Father Metropolitan Joni. Especially for this bell, an additional volume was built, which reached the top façade of a large bell. This has further ruined the stringency of the celestial composition of the cathedral square, but at the same time has given it a great masculinity. It is valuable that the total number of calls saved on the phone is 15.
The life of the central part of the Kremlin ensemble began with the formation of the front courtyard, which was gradually honed by important cult and administrative officials. One of the first here at 50-bO-ti rivers, XVII century. There will be a double upper body of the Judgment Order. Part of the 17th century building. occupied one of the most important institutions of the metropolitan court - the Judicial order, which, in addition to judicial functions, was largely the center of the underground administration of the parish.
After that, since 1787 r. The metropolis was transferred from Rostov to Yaroslavl, the Rostov Metropolitan Door having lost its value and gradually fallen into disrepair. The ensemble did not conduct services at the churches. The bishops were ready to sell the ensemble for evil. However, the focus was on the Rostov merchants and the cost of merchants in the 1860s and in the 1880s. . The architectural complex was restored.
From the initiative of A. A. Titova, I. A. Shlyakova at the Zhovtnі r. 1883 near the White Chamber of the Kremlin there was an open Rostov Museum of Church Ancient History, built in 1886. Having accepted under his intercession the successor of the Russian Imperial throne, the future Tsar Mikola II. In 1910 The State Duma legislatively secured the foreign-Russian status of the museum, praising the release of pennies from the execution for the morning.
A lot of monuments to the ensemble were destroyed by the tornado of the 23rd sickle of 1953. Later, all the stinks were restored.
Established in the fall of 2010, a huge organization named after St. Gregory the Theologian Foundation, with the support of Patriarch Kiril, seeks to transfer the Rostov Kremlin complex to the Russian Orthodox Church.
U zhovtni 2010 r. Governor of the Yaroslavl region S.A. Vakhrukov made a statement about the transfer of the Rostov Kremlin Museum-Reserve to the church, from the premises of the museum funds from the new building, and from the buildings at the premises of the Kremlin the bishop's residence and the "All-Russian Center for Commemoration and Baptism"
Star diagram: http://www.bellabs.ru
This project, however, has attracted criticism both from the side of the fakhivits for the protection and transformation of objects of mystique, and from the mass protest of the city residents.
Assumption Cathedral
In 2013 The Rostiv Kremlin has raised up to ten “Symbols of Russia”, winning the media competition “Russia-10”.
The Assumption Cathedral is the largest (until the end of the 18th century) cathedral of the Rostov-Yaroslav diocese. Roztashovany in immediate proximity to the Rostov Kremlin. May I swear by the ringing. Together with the Kremlin, which was created later (like the 17th century), a single central architectural ensemble of the place is created, the view is particularly noticeable from the side of Lake Nero.
The Assumption Cathedral near Rostov the Great is considered the first Christian church in Zalisk Russia.
Cathedral of the Rostashovani in the historical center of the place. The waking hour of the first wooden temple in this place of the unknown. However, in 1160, his family was deprived of fire. On the offensive, on the 1161st rock, following the order of the Grand Duke of Volodymyr Andriy Bogolyubsky, the birth of a white building was issued, as it was built after the 1204th rock. Nova sporuda took 17 rocks. Chergova suffered a severe fire in 1408, and the crypt and the head of the cathedral collapsed. After which we returned to the white stone again.
The Suchasna Tseglyana Church was founded between 1508 and 1512. They didn’t save the exact date of the Dzherel’s day, so the successors gave different dates. M. A. Ilyin came to the thought of M. M. Voronin, who connected the remaining significance of Perebudov from 1587, with the creation of the Rostov Metropolis, which is the Church of Varlaam, and the need to give the central cathedral of the metropolis ї outstanding appearance. Accept the date 1508-1512 pp. grounded by A. G. Melnik and confirmed by indirect chronicles. The decorative design of the temple contains carved white stone elements of the anterior spores.
At the end of the 17th century, the large-scale development of the Rostov bishop's courtyard, which today is called the Kremlin, resulted in several alterations and the cathedral. Zokrem, the chapters took on a new form, from the left side of the temple there was a stunning ganok-porch, built at the exit from the Kremlin and which served as a clear entrance to the Metropolitan’s temple, which was directly connected to his residence.
After the center of the diocese was transferred to Yaroslavl, Rostov churches fell into disrepair without proper supervision. Great robots were brought into order at the beginning of the 19th century.
On September 23, 1953, a powerful hurricane destroyed the domes of many churches in the center of the city, overlooking the Assumption Cathedral. After this, large-scale restoration work began in Rostov, such as the work of V. S. Banige. During the restoration process, the appearance of the cathedral was eliminated from the damage.
Zokrema, the incredible cover was replaced with mosquito covers, close to the original one. However, the cibulin form of the chapters of the hours of Metropolitan Joni was preserved; replacing them with a sholomo-like form was considered ineffective, and thus destroyed the stylistic unity of the Kremlin complex. During the restoration work, excavations were carried out at the cathedral, which revealed white stone masonry from the 12th century in the lower tiers. In 1991, the council and the church were transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church
The cathedral is home to many ruling bishops of Rostov-Yaroslavl from the 11th to the 18th centuries, including Iona Sisoevich, Metropolitan, whose towers created the architectural appearance of Rostov.
The cathedral, prompted by a later movement, was built on the Maidan adjacent to the Kremlin, surrounded by a low high-rise fence, inspired by the 18th century. Passage through the fence - through the “Holy Gate” (1754) there is a passage through the crypt, which consists of two gables on a quadrangle.
The five-headed cathedral has pillars, and the base and blades that protrude are made of white stone. There are numerous decorative elements: arcature-column parts of the belt, horizontal rods-fillons, etc. The height of the Cathedral with the cross reaches 60 meters.
The architecture of the cathedral is in many ways similar to the Moscow Assumption Cathedral; it is closely connected with the traditions of Volodymyr-Suzdal architecture. The five-headed temple is dissected by monumental blades into three and four spindles that end in keel-like mosquitoes. The narrow windows, like a battle-piece, are spread out into two tiers, between them in the middle of the height there is an arcature belt, which adds sophistication and lightness to the monumental structure. This belt shows an infusion of the Moscow architectural school.
The pieces were spread on high light-colored drums, also decorated with arcatures and horizontal fillets. The domes have long been of a different shape, but during the life of the Rostov Kremlin they were transformed into the style of the entire ensemble. The covering was carried along the edges, the surface was made of tiles or plowshares, but was immediately replaced with wool on circles, which repeated the old shape.
The chronicles have preserved inscriptions about some of the boy's robots dating back to 1589. In 1659, the artillery of masters S. Dmitriev and Yosip Volodimirov began painting the cathedral. The work dragged on for a long time and in 1669 the Kostroma masters Guriy Nikitin and Sila Savin joined in. Pozhezha in 1671 rocі, updated frescoes in 1779 rocі and new painting in 1843 rocі have been made and work. During restoration in the 1950s, frescoes from the 17th century were discovered, and in some places behind the iconostasis from the old 16th century.
At the lower part of the walls, which was preserved in the white stone church, Professor M. M. Voronin discovered fragments of a painting of the 12th century.
The iconostasis was built in the Baroque and Viconian styles in the 1730s and 1740s. There is a similar iconostasis at the Goritsky Monastery of Pereslavl-Zalessky.
Church of the Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria
The Church of Hodegetria is one of the churches in the Rostov Bishop's Court (Kremlin). Produced in 1692-1693, three years later, some others were part of the ensemble of the Bishop's Court, for the successor of Joni Sisoevich, Metropolitan Joasaph. A representative of the Moscow Baroque style. Staying hour after hour of independent dispute of the Bishop's Court
The church is located in the outer corner of the Rostov Kremlin and adjoins the wall to the next courtyard. It happened when the walls were already completed, and the watchmen had to report special zusils so that the church did not look like an outsider. The church is rectangular in plan (curved immediately at sunset) and double on top. Only the upper one on top of the vikorist was like a church. Along the perimeter of the other, there is an open balcony on top, which really contrasts the Church of the Odegetria with other churches in Rostov, where there are decorated galleries. The outer walls are decorated with a knitted pattern, which from a distance resembles a relief. The barrage was accumulated richly later during the life of the church.
The interior of the church is also quite different from other Rostov buildings. On the crypts and walls of the Church of Odigitria, 20 sticky cartouches of unusual shape were painted.
Immediately after completion, the cartouches were painted. Until the other half of the 19th century, when the Rostov Archbishop's Door was in the West, the station of paintings was completely destroyed, and in 1912, before the arrival of Mikoly II to Rostov, they were renewed. Then, between 1920 and 1950, the church walls and cartouches were damaged, and the paintings were obviously badly damaged. In 2001-2003 they were opened and their restoration was carried out.
Church of the Savior on Siny
The Church of the Savior on Senya is the house church of the Rostov metropolitans at the Rostov bishop's shack. The peculiarity of everyday life is: high basement, eight-branched ceiling. The entrance to the cemetery, which is connected to the Samuel Corps, which served as a home for metropolitans. The church was painted by the Rostov priest Timofiy and the Yaroslavl masters Dmitry Grigor'ev, Fedor and Ivan Karpov. In the middle of the interior there is a diagonal arcade that spirals onto golden steps.
Nadbramna Church of St. John the Evangelist
The Church of St. John the Evangelist was founded in 1683. This church above the gate is one of the remaining churches of the hours of Metropolitan Jonah. The investigators note that this monument of history and architecture looks worse than the other churches of the Kremlin.
Church of the Ascension (Isidore the Blessed).
One of the oldest Rostov churches (1566, dzvinitsa - XVIII century)
A beautiful view of the Kremlin from the dungeon of the All Saints Church from the entrance. Rostov the Great, 1911
Dried on lint.
On the other hand, in front of the central courtyard rises the great corps of metropolitan choirs, buildings under Metropolitan Jonah from about 50 to the beginning of the 70s. XVII century From the very beginning it was intended for the living of the metropolitan, as well as for saving his richest treasure. Part of the allocation was taken from the State order, which was issued by all the financial authorities of the diocese. For example, from the 17th century. The hull has lost its double surface. Later, a third one was added, and for example, in the 18th century. booth, having taken away the new decor from classicism. Nina has an ornamental belt, typical of the other half of the 17th century, and narrow windows on top, updated by restorers of the 1920s, suggest the ancient appearance of the sporuda.
John's room at the Rostov Museum.
In the same row as the metropolitan mansions there is a complex of sovereign mansions (70-80s of the 17th century) or, as they call it, the “Chervona Chamber”. The boy's room compositions are treated with a specially cool covering, leather for any finishing. The miraculous hanok, crowning the two mansions, gives even greater splendor to the State mansions. The Palace of Chervona's new appearance emerged after a major restoration carried out in the 1960s.
Portrait of Father St. Dmitry of Rostov. Inscription on the mountain: Father of the newly-minted miracle worker, Metropolitan of Rostov, St. Demitiy of Christ. Below: Ava Tuptalo was a centurion of Kiev and is alive in the lower Kiev town from the birth of one hundred and three rocks on the day of the Epiphany of the Lord on the third year of the day, presenting himself in the thousand seven hundred and third year of worship in the Kiev Kirill monastery in Yakom and the ktitor was Father.
The Far White Chamber is traditional for the 16th-17th centuries. one-piece construction. The interior is well-lit with wide window openings, decorated with the so-called “hanging stones”
. Here Metropolitan Jonah ate the local meal.
Portrait of Jonah III, Metropolitan of Rostov, guardian of the Rostov Kremlin and the White Chamber, writings on the life of the saint in the 17th century. Photograph of S. M. Progudin-Gorsky in the Rostov Museum, 1911.
Stretching back to the 70s and 80s. XVII century step by step, starting in front of the Church of the Resurrection, there will be storms and battles
metropolitan residence. The Maistries provided them with the attributes of a strong sporade, protected by battles of the bottom, oblique and upper combat. Prote the wealth of decorative furnishings on the shelves, which, like the most important chambers, have wide windows with platbands, one can see that the fortress from the beginning is of no small military significance. Without question, we were called upon to clearly demonstrate the greatness of the Rostov diocese, one of the largest in Russia.
Applied pіch at the "Princely Towers" of the Rostov Metropolitan Court (XVIII) near the Kremlin
Date of publication and update 05/01/2017
Rostov Kremlin.
Architecture of the Rostov Kremlin.
Rostov the Great reached its greatest potential shortly before the Tatar-Mongol invasion - at the beginning of the 13th century, and then quickly and quietly left the political arena, transforming into a small provincial town of the Yaroslavl province.
The center of the archbishopric, which was also the metropolis, was lost from the 11th to the 18th century. That is why, since recent times, the place has been forgotten by sporads, which would have indicated that it was becoming the spiritual center of the great Christian land. So, back in the 11th century, the first monastery in the Rostov land was founded here - the Abrahamic Monastery, which has survived to this day. There was great activity in Rostov in the middle of the 12th century for Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Volodymyr and at the beginning of the 13th century for Kostyantin, the son of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Great Nest.
The Tatar-Mongol invasion slowed down by about 200 years, as, however, throughout the entire territory of Russia there was monumental activity in Rostov. But starting from the 15th century, it is being renewed. In the middle of the 16th century - at the hour of the development of international trade in Russia through the White Sea, which Rostov also shared - a great Kamian everyday life was going on here. The mystique of Rostov architects was known far beyond the borders of Rostov land. They were asked to visit Moscow, the Kirilo-Belozersky Monastery and other places.
The most grandiose disputes arose in the other half of the 17th century. This is the Archbishop's hut, which has been around since the 1660s, over 30 years ago. In the 19th century, the city became known as one short, sonorous word, “Kremlin.”
This announcement was issued after the return of Metropolitan Joni Sisoevich of Rostov from Moscow in 1664, and for two years now the Minister of Peace of the Patriarchate has been seated at the Patriarchal Throne. Jonah, following Patriarch Nikon, took into account such acts as a way of strengthening the power of the Church and metropolitan government. Rostov’s life also began to be turbulent. New buildings, especially churches, were built in the Rostov Abraham Monastery, the Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, the Bilogostitsky Monastery, the Borisoglibsky Monastery and the Vugilsky Resurrection Monastery.
The Rostov Kremlin was once the masters, the names of which history has not preserved - documents from 1660-1680 have not reached us. Proceed with the names of the rich evidence of the carpenters and mechanics who formed the artillery masters with 15-20 men in the early 90s of the 17th century. They concluded even more impressive rituals in the monasteries of the place and, without a doubt, took part in the everyday life of the Kremlins. And we just want to say a kind word to the nobles Gavril Sevostyanov, Stepan Leontiev, Gavril Kharitonov, Stepan Gorbunov, the teslyars Lev Pavlov, Vasily Komov, Mikhail Ponikarov and other clever people, for whom people have mercy for a long time three hundred rocks. The Kremlin is a widely visible architectural monument, a symbol of the talent of the Russian people. A compact group of spores can tower over all of Rostov: the chimera silhouettes of mountain-topped vaults, dynasties, and churches add to their beauty and mystery.
An ensemble of roses on a small hill near Lake Nero. This square, according to tradition, was the place of activity for the bishop's court with the adjacent disputes. For several centuries, starting from the 11th century, the wooden buds periodically changed here one by one, until a few stone spores were discovered in the 16th century, some of which have survived to this day. And among them is the grandeur of the Assumption Cathedral, the most prominent monument of the Rostov Kremlin.
We go to the cathedral square - the oldest core of the city of Rostov. Above her, the bell of the army repeatedly buzzed, calling the Rostovites to fight against the conquerors. On this square, at the dawn of Christianity, the first temple in the Rostov region was built. The one who stands right in front of us is the fifth in his place.
News about the daily life of the walled cathedral in Rostov Superchlivi. According to the evidence of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon, the first cathedral in Rostov was supposed to have been at the end of the 11th century, Volodymyr Monomakh. The peculiarities of the plan and the absolute similarity of the dimensions of the original cathedral with the Kiev cathedral (with a width of more than 20 meters, the difference becomes less than 11 centimeters) allowed the base to stand on the base of Mon Omaha Cathedral. Born in 1954, the descendant of the architecture of Pivnichno-Skhidna Russia, Professor N.M. Voronin carried out excavations in the Assumption Cathedral, but nothing was found in the Cathedral of Volodymyr Monomakh. As soon as I realized that I let N.N. Voronin, standing in another place, is a legend.
Russian chronicles indicate that in Rostov in 1160 the Assumption Cathedral Church burned down and was raised “like oak trees” in another 991 years - three years after Russia praised Christianity. The sporuda was, perhaps, so beautiful, that the chronicler exclaims: “I was (chula) wonderful and very happy, I have never been like this and then I don’t know what will happen.”
Chronicle data clearly confirm archaeological finds. 1992 Roku A.E. Leontyev carried out excavations in the basement of the cathedral. During the excavation, at a depth of 3.7 m from the current surface, burnt traces were found, and wooden parts of the roof that were burnt, and a number of oak blocks, as well as forged flowers.
In place of the burnt temple of the architect Andriy Bogolyubsky in 1161-1162, a new one, white stone, was erected. This was the first monumental project of Rostov, and they were the same masters who built the Assumption Cathedral near Volodymyr and the palace complex of Prince Andrey in Bogolyubovo.
Having stood for a total of 42 years, the hour of the great fire fell on 1204 years, so we know nothing about its current appearance. But, perhaps, they already found their beginning in those proportions, shapes and decor, which then reached a high level of precision in the architecture of Volodymyr’s place. Fragments of white stone carvings discovered during excavations confirm this mauling.
The renovation of the new cathedral began in 1213 for Prince Kostyantin. His life was long and difficult. Just 1231 years have ended for his son, Prince Vasilko.
The new sporuda - single-headed, with a gilded sholom, near the plan repeated the temple of Andrey Bogolyubsky, but expanded even further towards the sunset; The roof of this building is covered with tin, and the base is lined with colored majolica tiles - “moromor chervonym”. Until recently, it was impossible to judge its decorative decoration; it was said that when the temple was erected, the architecture of Volodymyr’s place served as a gaze for the Rostov architects, which is small behind the plan of the saviors to defeat the enemy. among people of the 13th century.
Another White Stone Cathedral was not preserved until the end of the 13th century. Having stood for about two hundred years, I will burn 1408 and collapse. On that 21st day, a storm of great force passed over Rostov. Suddenly there was a fire, as a result of which many churches, princes and boyars' yards perished. Zgoriv and Assumption Cathedral. Its roof melted, and the crypt and walls collapsed: “great mosquitoes came and fell golden in gold... such a great fire in Rostov,” the chronicler says, “has not happened in two hundred years.”
In 1411, Rostov Archbishop Gregory reinvigorated the dispute. The covering of the dome of the cathedral Church was covered with lead, and the interior was lined with white slabs. “As I am named I will decorate (ii)” Gregory with icons and expensive church items. Already the fourth cathedral behind the rakhunka has not survived to this day. What was going on with him and if the grapes were dry, they wanted to get away. More than one generation of people has been trying to solve this mystery, but no one has been able to find the necessary documents. Judging by the architectural forms, it could not have been inspired by the 15th century. Its appearance is similar to two spores of the other half of the 16th century: the Assumption Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and St. Sophia - near Vologda. So and N.M. Voronin admitted that the Rostov Cathedral was in existence in the other half of the 16th century, after which in 1587 the place became the center of the metropolis.
However, the investigation of the remaining fates has greatly changed the revelations about the ancient temple. Due to the similarity of its stylistic features with other, ancient cathedrals, the descendants assume that the Rostov Cathedral was inspired by the beginning of the 16th century. This date, perhaps, is close to the truth, although there is a need to accept it with certain precautions, but fragments of written documentary evidence have not been found. There are no nutritious archaeological materials, although they confirmed the foundation of all previous cathedrals.
At the end of the 19th century, in the original apse of the cathedral, a side wall of Leontius was discovered. If they were covered with earth, on the surface they lost the cobs of two narrow white stone exits that lead underground: from the central apse - from the back and from the main premises - from the entrance. In 1884, the land was cleared from the profits, and it turned out that there was no need to expand the foundations of the entire temple by a few meters. Near the ancient wall they uncovered the arcosolium and white stone tomb of Bishop Leontius. Thus, in 1884, the surplus of the first white stone cathedral of 1161-1162 was found.
Until the middle of the 20th century, we knew about the history of the monument’s existence only from chronicles. 1954 rock M.M. Voronin carried out excavations in the Leontievsky Botsya and the St. Petersburg Temple. As a result, they revealed the remains of the temple from the beginning of the 13th century, white stone consoles of the arcade-column belt, decorative stone carvings from the facade, excess frescoes from 1187 (the cathedral was painted after the death of Andrey under Vsevolod III), a splinter of majolica tiles of yellow and green tiles that were laid .
The greatest results were obtained from archaeological excavations by A.E. Leontyev, which were carried out by him in many places at the cathedral in 1992-1994. This result revealed surpluses of white stone walls and cathedrals from the 12th, 13th centuries, without fragments of frescoes and majolica tiles from the 13th century. Excavations showed that all the spores, which change one by one, stood on the same foundation in the underground rices, preserving the same dimensions and plan. The culprits became the cathedral of the 13th century, which had a shutter on all three sides. The most important discoveries were discovered by archaeologists at excavations near the cathedral. They found large sections of white stone walls of the temple of 1213-1231 with fragmented details of cornices, columns and brackets. This made it possible to create a graphic and full-scale reconstruction of part of the wall of the cathedral of the 13th century.
The materials of the excavations, in this manner, completely confirmed all the scanty chronicles regarding the history of the monument.
Having greatly appreciated the Assumption Cathedral for my life. By the end of 1609, it had become the remaining corner of Rostov's inhabitants before it was buried by the Polish-Lithuanian pens of Sapieha and Lisovsky. Some of the residents of the place, in solidarity with Metropolitan Filaret Romanov, hid themselves near the church, but they were killed, Filaret was taken into custody, and the wealth of the cathedral was plundered.
In 1670, 1730 and 1758 the city suffered greatly from fire. After the fire of 1730, fate became aware of the earthly revolt that changed its entire appearance. The ancient symbol of the long window was hewn, the gaps between the mosquitoes were filled, as a result of which the covering became chotirishilim. In the 19th century, two porches were added to the front and back façades, which further “improved” its external appearance. And just around the 50th century of the last century, as a result of restoration, this monument appeared before us in its original form.
Assumption Cathedral - six-stepped near the sporud plan, drawn from the sunset of Skhid. The strong steps have spring arches, from which hang five dome drums with narrow (light) windows. The plan, as it was meant above, repeats the previous ones, such as which often saved material, slabs, white stone at the lower part of the walls.
A high, richly profiled plinth is made of white stone. The entire walls spiral onto it, divided by blades into four arms - the old and the old facades, and into three - the entrance and exit. Adjacent to the approaching wall are three very low apses, on which there are thin columns. The top of the apses is decorated with a frieze of blind niches.
The leather spinning of the walls ends with a keel-like kokomara, and above the heap blades there are small decorative keel-like kokoshniks, machined onto two façades of sporudi (barrels). The calm surface of the walls is divided horizontally by three profile rods. Behind the skin joints of the scapula, the cathedral becomes thinner, the bottom is reinforced by the dynamic straightness of the scapula. Narrow narrow windows with circular tops and a decorative arcature-column belt complete the decoration of the walls of the temple. The motif of blind arches, echoing with the decor of the walls, is repeated on the drums, completed with tight sections. The heads are closed with a tin-plated slide “into the checker”. A gilded cone and cross complete the skin in five sections, together with eyes under the heads, which burn in the sun and on mosquitoes, giving a special finish and richness. With its monumental forms, proportionality of elements and the beauty of the decorative work of the walls, the monument evokes strong influence.
In the interior of the cathedral, three perspective portals lead from three sides, with ledges running along the corner of the wall. The columns are decorated with garish threaded “dings”. Before the construction of the façade, already in the 17th century, ganoks were built, on the round surface of which there are double arches with grooved hangings in the middle.
New receipt of 1697 births. About three decades earlier, in 1671, the entrance portal – the main entrance to the temple – was covered with ornamental painting. Parts of the doors of its forged in 1696 by the Rostov farrier Maxim Gordeev, and two years later the Yaroslavl farrier Ivan Alekseev forged the “Rostov cathedral church to the entrance doors of the interior lock”, which is complete i. On these blind doors there are two animal masks with ring-handles - fragments of the doors to the Cathedral of St. Andrew Bogolyubsky, a memory of the distant 12th century.
Near the foothills of the Assumption Cathedral, the shopping area was loudly noisy. But after the establishment of the Bishop's hut, in the late 17th century - at the beginning of the 18th century, the cathedral square was fenced off from the quarters of the place with a low, clear moor, part of which - at the entrance to the temple - has been preserved to this day iv.
You could enter the cathedral square through the Holy Gate, located at the entrance corner of the known part of the fence. The original gate was built in the first half of the 18th century in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture, although the arch itself is a folding, baroque frame, rusticated tufted blades and windows with bow bridges are in the style of 18th century architecture hundred
The proizna of the gate is vlashtovan in the main cubic shape of the sporudi - a quadrangle, cut with plank. An octagon is placed on the quadrangle - an octagonal tower, which ends with a faceted dome and crown on a thin octagonal drum. The dome and dome are traditionally covered with a ploughshare. Everything reminds us of the simple forms of the parish church of the 17th century.
Before the ancient and similar parts of the cathedral enclosure in the first half of the 19th century, stones from trade stones were collected, which have been preserved to this day. Right there, near the fenced square, stands one of the most beautiful spores of the Rostov Kremlin - the dzvinitsa. It dates back to the 1680s. The type of richly run dzvinitsa, similar to the Rostov, extensions in Russian architecture of the 16th-17th centuries. The stench was heard in Novgorod, Kostroma, Suzdal, and the Moscow Kremlin. The Rostov dzvinitsa initially had a triarc, drawn from day to day, ending with three cibulin chapters. The architects have already completed the forms of the Assumption Cathedral, stylistically combining the two disputes and creating an ensemble in this manner.
Horizontal rods increase the thickness of the walls into several tiers. At the lower part under the central passage in the 17th century there was a small church, the service in which was held at the temple sacredly - on Palm Week.
I instruct you to go from the entrance to the old church to the same wall through the narrow exit from the locked doors that lead to the upper maidan of the dzvinitsa. The direction of the stone exits is marked on the façade by the crooked ends that run diagonally. The blades of the walls, just like in the Assumption Cathedral, become thinner with the skin tier uphill. The style of these two spores is supported by similar keel-like mosquitoes and beautiful decorative kokoshniks - barrels.
After the largest link had been completed, a high single-run section with one section arrived before the first dispute, which finally completed the composition of all the disputes. The tower is built on all slopes, but the profile keel-like rods that frame the arch are connected to the front three-span part of the monument. Zagalom, its architecture is highly proportional and plastic. The purity and clarity of the forms of the Rostov dzvinitsa compares them with a number of the finest disputes of the 17th century in Russia.
Ale was famous not only for its modern architectural appearance, but also for its melodic ringing, famous throughout Russia.
From the list of one of his friends, Iona Sisoevich modestly wrote: “In my yard I hear bells, people marvel.”
But there was reason to marvel at the truth.
At the end of the 17th century, there were 13 calls, and the largest of them, names in the name of Joni’s father “Sisoem”, cost 2000 pounds. Along the lower edge of the bell, a decorative belt runs along the distinctive Slovenian script, from which it is evident that this bell was created in 1689 by Master Flor Terentyev. The thousand-pound advance of the “Polyeline” was made three times earlier, in 1683, by Master Philip Andreev and his son Cyprian. Rocky earlier, the same maystrians extended the “Swan” jingle for 500 poods. The Rostov ring has its own name: “Hunger”, “Ram”, “Goat”, “Chervoniy”, “Zadzvonny”. In the other half of the 19th century, two more bells were strengthened on the bell, and thus there were 15 of them in total.
The Rostov bells, with their melodiousness and beauty, have not without reason earned the vodka of those who are able to hear them. At one time there were a number of ringing melodies (“Ioninsky”, “Georgievsky”, “Chervony”, “Budenny”, “Akimivsky” and others), which were masterfully played by Rostov bell ringers in especially localized episodes. For example, in the late 19th century, the stench was of a different note. For many decades, the Rostov bells, as attributes of the divine service, were fenced off and silent. And just in the 80s of the last century, the bells were renewed, now again, as in ancient times, their can and melodic sounds float over the place.
Up to the cathedral square there is a pristine façade of the Bishop's House. At the center of it, on the same axis as the wall of the Assumption Cathedral, is the High Church of the Resurrection. They are flanked by two strings made of cube-shaped covers.
Left-handed and right-handed in front of the temple there are high walls with battlements; The walls are flanked by two vaults, similar in shape to the vaults of the church, but narrower in proportion. The Church of the Resurrection is one of the first cultic structures in Rostov under Ion Sisoevich (founded in 1670). It is still approaching the day, and in the foreground there is a richly decorated gallery, which grows at its ends from the flanking walls. On the façade of the gallery there are two asymmetrically arranged sconces: left-handed – pedestals, at the center – proezni. Asymmetry is primarily a phenomenon in ancient Russian architecture, which gives the architectural masses great significance. The arches are framed with a number of decorative belts - “yalinka” and “flagellum” - with wickerwork and goalposts. The right-hand side in front of the gates is located in a small gatehouse with a rich figured foliage. The Church of the Resurrection is above the gate, under it there is an entrance to the territory of the Bishop's hut.
The intensity of the decorative treatment of the gallery façade increases as it goes up. Above the arches there is a wooden canopy with a temple fresco “Resurrection”, two windows with folding foliage and a number of narrow-width cups and beveled cups. Along the top edge of the kot stretches a row of flies with ant-like coughs. The façade of the gallery ends in an arcade of eight sunken circular windows. The smells are divided into fine proportions, so that they stand out in three-quarter columns. On their capitals there are arches, the shape of which is repeated by the curb belt.
The completion of the façade of the gallery gives its external appearance a truly regal flair. It is especially harmful in the evening light. The shades of the sun make the relief details of the façade shine until it hurts your eyes, and deep contrasting shades appear in the numerous niches and window openings. Borderline elegance and classic clarity of the gallery’s forms are beyond the reach of Rostov architects. At the end of the 17th century, similar decoration of the facades of galleries was widespread in Russia. But nowhere else could masters achieve such softness and plasticity of decorative work on a façade as in the gallery of the Rostov Church of the Resurrection.
Above the gallery is the main cubic frame of the church. It ends with trifrontal gable-like coverings. Five high drums with silvery cibulin sections complete the silhouette of the monument. The modest smoothness of the walls, the uniform color of which includes narrow blades and horizontal thrusts, further enhances the decorative richness of the gallery. These few details, including the barrel barrels of the Church of the Resurrection, are stylistically similar to the architecture of the Assumption Cathedral and the Cathedral.
In the distance you can see a cut through a pedestrian fence, the sky asking to pass under the church into the territory of the large Bishop's hut. Looking up from the Church of the Resurrection, you can clearly see the entire door of the Kremlin. By all accounts, it is clear that this plan is thoroughly thought out and follows the integrity and logic of the idea.
The door is shaped like a rectangular structure with a square frame in the center. I instructed him to build the three-surface Samuel building, using the same colors (this will house the exhibition of the Rostov Museum). In the past there have been a large number of Rostov metropolitans. Near them, along the perimeter of the courtyard, there are massacre chambers and towers: Chervona and Bila chambers, Princes' towers, Ioninskie marks, Royal chambers, Budinok on the Cellars. The entire ensemble of otochkas is high, pointed muri with eleven vezhas. Round-shaped towers with cubic and hipped roofs stand on the mounds of the rectangular garden of the Kremlin courtyard. Two square pedestals – Vodiana and Sadova – are placed in the center of the similar and painted walls of the Kremlin.
The soaring songs of artistic merit, the clear chambers and towers give the Rostov Kremlin a special warmth, softening the purity of the silhouettes of the churches and the city's top vaults.
Entering the territory of the Bishop's hut is located under two towering churches: Resurrection - from the Supper of St. John the Evangelist - from the entrance, and also under the most famous square pillars. From the churches, the chambers and the mansion at the door, five tracts descended, which organically connected the grandeur with the extra space. This gave the metropolitan court a character of pomp, which Iona Sisoevich was so keen on.
The impressive pomp was emphasized by the numerous hanging galleries hung on the high arches. The galleries could lead to any of the living quarters of the Kremlin, and along certain passages built near the Kremlin wall, to any of the five churches.
The mighty walls of the Kremlin display all the attributes of a defense system: battlers of ground combat, primary, arid-like battlers and the so-called varnitsa - battlers of mounted battle. However, the Rostov Kremlin does not cry out due to its fighting strength. The architect paid a lot of attention to the beautiful forms of the walls and ceilings, their decorative designs. During the hour of vigil, the same meta was reexamined: to give great pomp to the Bishop's vigil, greatness, to talk about the power and wealth of the Rostov Metropolitan. In the 17th century in Rostov, which was located in the depths of the great territory of Russia, there were many wars, and the walls, in fact, served as a primary fence. The stench must remain high in order to protect the Metropolitan’s door from prying eyes, and, if necessary, from the “black” that was raging above the world, for which the drive for worship at the end of the 17th century was no longer sufficient.
For the past few hours the part of the Bishop's hut has been asleep and invisible from the front courtyard. There was a whitewashed wall of the Kremlin, behind the Samuilovsky building and the Church of the Savior on Senya. These included cooks, bakeries, drying rooms, pickling shops and other spores, large trees, so the stinks have not been preserved to this day. Right in the middle of the ruler's premises there is a metropolitan garden, fortified by a high solid wall in front of the place. Regardless of the fact that many of the gospodar's disputes of the Rostov Kremlin have not survived to this day, it is obvious that in the depths of his oblivion a large area is occupied by disputes of civil significance.
In the middle of the ancient Kremlin wall stands the Church of the Resurrection with two flanking towers and a small tower above the wall. The Vlasna temple, a space for those who pray, is located in the third world, on the level of critical Kremlin transitions. On three sides - behind the gate - the church can be seen in the galleries. The open wall of the gallery does not reach the other side of the façade: here from the gallery there is a ganak with two lockers and canopies above them. In the 18th century, there were large arched openings at the end wall of the building gallery, leading “to nowhere”), and as a result, there was still a single-surface building that would be connected є temple with a “rozhevim” hut for Godina Vezha . The outdoor and entrance gallery is richly modest in decor, overlooking the cathedral square, and then there is that very beautiful arcade, albeit without columns.
There are three arches on the original façade of the Church of the Resurrection. Two of them - in a pedestrian way - are displaced to the left, in line with the axis of the arches of the paving façade: the passages are formed behind the glass of the military forts - with collapsible parts. The third arch, guarded by the garni and kuti garats, leads to the church.
Having risen to the sight of the gatherings and passing the small straight-cut placement of another on top, we are drawn into the gallery. Through the numerous arched windows, three sides are generously flooded with light. Beautiful box crypts with folding forms above the windows enclose the expanse of the gallery, dark golden frescoes cover the walls, crypt, and windows with a strong keel.
Three portals lead from the gallery to the church, the front entrance is the back. Zovni temple is not very great. Ale first, what lacks respect when entering the church - this is the final day. Here, far, far away, in the depths of the morning, the dark circular window flutters with that light. It seems that the arcade has been gilded for a long time, and it will change in the future. But it’s not true, it’s a kind of optical illusion. There are only two porticos - kiboria - before Sunday and in the depths. Ale venoms are so masterfully placed and so proportioned that from a certain point of view the effect of the presence of an arcade is created.
Even more unusual for Russian churches (except for the portico system) is the Church of the Resurrection - and this is typical for all the cultic disputes of the Kremlin. The church has a wooden iconostasis with icons, but has been replaced with an original stone wall, which strengthens the exterior of the main expanse of the church. With this approach - the church is so insecure - an enemy is created against the indiscriminateness and integrity of the interior. On the occasion of the present day, the Maidan for the clergy in front of him is a salt - a gift to the statue of the church itself. On the salt lead a number of chavunnyh gatherings, right-handed and left-handed in front of it - two tracks for spivaks. The interior of the Church of the Resurrection is visible through the tall, large windows. Its height is supported by pairs of strings on the columns, which stand on strongly drawn pedestals. Two supporting arches spiral onto the column, supporting the crypt of the church. In the center, above the crypts, stands a light-filled dome drum. The entire interior of the temple is extremely original and from the area.
The other Kremlin Church, St. John the Theologian as well as the Resurrection, is above the temple. There is a mazha in the middle of the entrance wall of the Kremlin; Below it was the main entrance to the territory of the Bishop's House on the side of Moscow. It is possible to pom, the temple of the output on the one Osi with the central vulitsy of Rostov, Yakov edited by the Moscow, I tilki at the Pid'yzdi to the nyoye, the widen bridge across the RIV, Wulitz Trokhi on Pivnich.
The Rostov Kremlin, melodiously, another, after the Moscow Kremlin, is a monument of architecture that is visually familiar to many Russians. You can say that if you want to watch the comedy “Ivan Vasilyovich changes profession”, then take a distanced tour of the Rostov Kremlin, the fragments of anonymous footage from the royal chambers of Ivan the Terrible were taken to his territories. The episode with the chase, the episode with the bells, and all the shots from the territory of the Rostov Kremlin are immediately recognizable.
This is an architectural and historical monument with a complex of buildings, temples and other spores, spread over an area of approximately 2 hectares on the birch of Lake Nero in the Yaroslavl region. That architectural complex, which was founded in 1650, near the Assumption Cathedral, which, in fact, is the oldest temple in the complex and the calling card of the entire museum-reserve.
The restoration of the Assumption Cathedral and the entire complex is not a bad thing. Before the cathedral was built in 1512, there were also several wooden churches. Thus, the first wooden church was founded in 991 years after the reign of Prince Volodymyr, just three years after the Christianization of Russia. Ale bulo has become burnt. Tsikavo, in one of the churches that celebrated the day of the Dormition Cathedral in 1314, one of the Rostov boyars baptized his son - the imprisoned Bartholomew - known as the Venerable Sergius of Radonez.
It is no longer possible to establish, navmisno chi vipadkovo, that the Assumption Cathedral, awakened in Rostov, appearing even more similar to the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Here are the details that gave the Rostov Assumption Cathedral its special uniqueness. For example, there is a self-made arch-column belt on the façade of the cathedral, which is a unique architectural feature.
The existence of the entire architectural ensemble of the Kremlin is connected by the history of the name of Metropolitan Joni Sisoevich. Why did the Metropolitan, who replaced the most popular Patriarch Nikon on the Moscow throne, return from the capital to Rostov? This was sent, but it was sent right. Political intrigues in Moscow led to the fact that Metropolitan Yona was ordered to leave for Rostov and not see the light.
The Metropolitan intends to create a center of spiritual life in Rostov. The main idea was to create the Bishop's (Metropolitan) courtyard, which was essentially the residence of the Metropolitan. The metropolitan had a number of people in order, a whole staff of servants: butlers, clerks, treasurers, officials of various ranks, priests - up to two hundred people at a time as domestic servants, then the daily routine began with the daily routine of the administrator They occupied the residential areas, and then the alarm workers moved on to the church areas. sporud. One of the most important features is the majority of the buildings of the Rostov Kremlin - the stones. Already the living chambers of the metropolitan were made of wood.
Very rarely, except in the wake of the everyday life of the Rostov Kremlin, history saves the name of people who, it seems, played a significant role in the design and everyday life, and, most likely, was the main archite ector of the complex. His name is Petro Dosaev. Not much is known about him, only those who are high-class Muslims and immigrants with similar roots.
It is necessary to pay due attention to the mastery of ancient architects, who were able to design and place other realities of the Rostov Kremlin so that all the stinks were united in the marvelous architectural complex. The architects succeeded in bringing into play the Metropolitan’s idea of creating a little piece of paradise, so that the soul would be filled with lofty feelings and pure thoughts would arise. Why is this small, beautiful varty standing near the inner courtyard in which the miracle chambers and churches of the complex are built! And the view from the galleries to Lake Nero! And the beautiful Metropolitan Garden, which adjoins from the present day to the central part of the complex, was laid out for the benefit of the Metropolitan at the final stage of its development.
According to records, the construction of the Kremlin was completed in 1693. It is noticeable that the residence of the metropolitan was sharpened by murahs and battles along the lines of everyday life. But the wide open doors, the windows with platbands, the richness of everything testified that no one planned to conquer the Rostov Kremlin as a fort. Before the speech, the metropolitan’s last idea was that if the ongoing work was not completely completed, the Kremlin was taken over mainly by the clergy and the nobility. This is truly the center of spiritual life.
The role of the Rostov Kremlin is not easy. After the Metropolitan rejected the order to move his residence to Yaroslavl, the architectural complex began to gradually fall apart. They burned the complex. Soon, if the synod wants to destroy almost the entire complex, the remains of its replacement will be very expensive. The residents of Rostov, the rich merchants, and philanthropists wanted to bring enormous glory to the Kremlin as a spiritual center. At the time of donation collection, the 19th century was reconstructed, the Kremlin was once again accessible for visiting, and a museum of church antiquities was opened on the territory of the White Chamber. In 1883, the Rostov Kremlin lost its status as a national museum-reserve. Then there was a revolution, a huge war, a struggle against the church and religion in the marriage. However, services in the Assumption Cathedral were carried out right up to 1935, when the light-colored church of the region decided to take over all religious activities, and the local nomenklatura decided to remake the Assumption Cathedral to the warehouse of the kava-chicorn factory, and on the territory of the complex various artillery and offices began to be located. , residential apartments collapsed Then the strongest hurricane on September 24, 1953 caused serious harm. Ale Rostov Kremlin has been seen and stood! In the period from 1954 to 1962, a serious scientific restoration was carried out. In 1991, the first religious services began to be held, as well as new restoration works, and today, thanks to the efforts of unruly organizations and sponsors, as well as all the government support, the Rostov Kremlin is practically renovating all its beauty.
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Much can be written about this marvelous architectural complex. If you want to see it, you won’t have enough time for one day to explore and understand all its authenticity, look at the values and collections of museums that are preserved on its territory. Many tourists go to marvel at the main shrine of the Assumption Cathedral - the Volodymyr Icon of the Mother of God, at the Zvinnitsa of the Assumption Cathedral, to almost ring the bell and add 15 bells that have been saved. One of the largest calls was made in 1688 and was named after the riddle of Father Metropolitan Joni, a simple rural priest, – Sisiy. Perhaps you would like to visit the Church of Ivan the Theologian and admire the frescoed iconostasis. Before the speech, a marvel is associated with the frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral. In the 50s of the 20th century, it was discovered that under the current balls of painting in the cathedral there would be another ball that consists of these frescoes, as revealed in the archives and eyewitness accounts of the 16th century. Often frescoes began to appear under the cracked outer sphere of the domes and girder arches. Restorers were able to restore fragments of the original painting of the Dormition Cathedral. Why were the frescoes, once finished, ordered to be painted, and whose will was lost in the mystery of the matter?
In addition, on the territory of the Rostov Kremlin, the burial places of the rich Rostov princes and clergy have been preserved, including the burial place of Metropolitan Joni Sisoevich.
A wealth of interesting information about all the monuments can be found on the website of the State Museum-Reserve “Rostov Kremlin” - http://www.rostmuseum.ru/
The history of places in Russia is remarkable and rich. Sometimes we know more about overseas architectural monuments than about Russian ones. Why don't we write? Our architects will endure forever.
