Budova is a human brain. Budova of the brain, the significance and functions of what tissue makes up the human brain

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✪ Head cerebrum. Future functions. Biology video lesson 8th grade

✪ Biology lesson No. 45. What are the functions of the parts of the brain.

✪ Functions of the brain

✪ Human anatomy. Brain.

✪ Yak vlashtovany head brain

Subtitle

Masa mozku

The brain mass of normal people ranges from 1000 to 2000 grams, which averages out to about 2% of body mass. The brain of men weighs on average 100-150 grams more than the brain of women. The idea is wide-ranging that, despite the mass of the brain, the richness of mankind can lie: the greater the mass of the brain, the more gifted the man is. However, it is obvious that this is far from always the case. For example, brain I. S. Turgenev is worth 2012 rubles, and Anatole-France’s brain is worth 1017 rubles. The most important brain - 2850 g - was observed in an individual who suffered from epilepsy and idiocy (which could be the result of a shock or injury caused by weakness of the skull). The cerebrum is not functionally functional. Therefore, there is no direct connection between the mass of the brain and the mental abilities of the surrounding individual.

However, in large samples, numerical studies show a positive correlation between brain mass and cognitive abilities, as well as between brain mass and various indicators of cognitive abilities. A number of studies, however, point out that recent research has highlighted the low mental capacity of certain ethnic groups (such as Aboriginal Australians), who have smaller average brain sizes. According to Richard Lean, racial differences in brain size can explain about a quarter of the differences in intelligence.

The stage of brain development can be assessed by looking at the connection between the spinal cord and the brain. So, in guts it is 1:1, in dogs it is 1:3, in lower animals it is 1:16, in humans it is 1:50. In Upper Paleolithic people, the brain was significantly (10-12%) larger than that of a modern human - 1:55-1:56.

Budova brain

The volume of the brain of most people is between 1250-1600 cubic centimeters and is 91-95% of the capacity of the skull. The cerebrum is divided into five sections: the cerebellum, the posterior cerebrum, which includes the cerebrum and the cerebellum, the epiphysis, the middle, perineal and anterior cerebrum, which are represented by the great cerebellum. Once the mixture is divided into sections, the entire skein is divided into three large parts:

• smells of a great brain;
• cerebrum;
• stovbur brain.

The cerebral cortex covers two parts of the cerebrum: the right and the left.

The membranes of the brain

The cerebrum, as well as the spinal cord, is covered with three membranes: soft, cobweb and hard.

The dura mater is made of thick, flexible tissue, lined in the middle with flat formed cells, and grows extensively with the skull bones at its internal base. Between the hard and arachnoid membranes there is a subdural space filled with serous tissue.

Structural parts of the brain

Prodovguvaty brain

The designated areas act as a conglomerate of all three blocks of the brain. In the middle of them, the structures that regulate the activity of the brain (the first block of the brain) reach the highest level of maturation. In the second (block of receiving, processing and storing information) and the third (block of programming, regulation and control of activity) blocks, the most mature ones are those measles plots that reach the primary parts, which are Explain the reception of information to find (another block) and form the weekend rukhovi impulses (3rd block).

Other areas of measles do not reach a sufficient level of maturity until childhood. It is necessary to note the small size of the cells that enter into them, the small width of their upper balls, which contribute to the associative function, the apparently small size of the area occupied by them and the lack of myelinization of them elements.

Period from 2 to 5 years

At the same time two before five It is inevitable that the secondary, associative fields of the brain will mature, some of which (secondary gnostic zones of the analyzer systems) are located in another and a third block (premotor area). These structures ensure the processes of perception and the visualization of the sequence of actions.

Period from 5 to 7 years

The tertiary (associative) fields of the brain begin to mature. The kidney develops the posterior associative field - the parietal-crural area, then the anterior associative field - the prefrontal region.

The tertiary fields occupy the largest position in the hierarchy in cooperation with the various cerebral zones, and here complex forms of information processing take place. The posterior associative area ensures the synthesis of all input multi-modal information in a supra-modal manner for the purpose of representing the most important subject of activity in the entire set of ligaments and mutually The anterior associative area is responsible for further regulation of complex forms of mental activity, which includes the selection of information necessary for this activity, formed on This is the basis of the program of activity and control over its correct operation.

Thus, the skin from the three functional blocks of the brain reaches full maturity at different times and matures in sequence from the first to the third block. There are paths from the bottom up - from the inferior structures to the superior ones, from the substructures to the primary fields, from the primary fields to the associative ones. Treatment during the formation of any of these regions can lead to improvement in mature diseases through the presence of stimulating infusions from the lower damaged region.

Notes

1. Evgeniya Samokhina“Missing” energy // Science of life. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 22-25. - URL: https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/31009/
2. Whose brain is more important? // samoeinteresnoe.com
3. Paul Browardel. Procès-verbal de l'autopsie de Mr. Yvan Tourgueneff. - Paris, 1883.
4. W. Ceelen, D. Creytens, L. Michel (2015). “The Cancer, Diagnosis, Surgery and Cause, of Death, of Ivan, Turgenev (1818-1883).” Acta chirurgica Belgica. 115 (3): 241-246. DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2015.11681106.
5. Guillaume-Louis, Dubreuil-Chambardel (1927). “Le cerveau d”Anatole France” . Bulletin de l'Académie nationale de médecine. 98 : 328–336.
6. Elliott G.F.S. Prehistoriuc Man and His Story. – 1915. – P. 72.
7. Kuzina S., Saveliev S. In your mind, your brain may lie in your marriage (undefined) . Science: secrets of the brain. Komsomolska Pravda (Lipnya 22, 2010). Date of birth: March 11, 2014.
8. Neuroanatomical, Correlates, of Intelligence
9. Intelligence and brain size in 100 postmortem brains: sex, lateralization and age factors. Witelson S.F., Beresh H., Kigar D.L. Brain. 2006 Feb;129(Pt 2):386-98.
10. The size of the “brain” and “intelligence” of a person (from the book “Race. People. Intelligence” by R. Lynn)
11. The contribution of “racial”, “dimensions”, “size”, “brain”, “superiority” in “intelligence” (from the book “Race. People. Intelligence” by R. Lynn)
12. Drobishevsky S. V. Are you foolish? About the causes of brain changes (undefined) . Archived on June 6, 2012.
13. Mikadze Yu.V. Neurophysiology of the child's eyelid. – Peter, 2008.
14. Luria A. R., 1973

Literature

• Sagan, Carl. Dragon-Eden. Mirkuvannya, about evolution, the human mind = Sagan, Carl. The Dragons of Eden. Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence / prov. from English N. S. Levitina (1986). - St. Petersburg. : TID Amphora, 2005. - P. 265.
• Bloom F., Leiserson A., Hofstadter L. Brain, mind and behavior. – M., 1988.

Lobova part	Superolateral

The human body is a very complex system, which is controlled by a powerful computer – the brain. Vin sends signals to all organs and the entire body, indicating that we perceive too much light and interact with it. A century of evolution has passed, and people still have not been able to fully understand the entire mechanism of how the brain works. Vin is the main storage area of ​​the central nervous system.

Briefly about smut

The human brain is equipped with its functions. The cerebrum is covered with three types of membranes and membranes and consists of 25 billion neurons, which are also called gray speech. A woman’s brain is a little less important, a man’s brain is smaller, but this is due to an evolutionary process, and not a stage of guilt. The average weight reaches 2% of the total body weight. The rhubarb of pink development lies neither in the size of the brain nor in the size of the body.

Budova measles brain

Let us first hear about the bark. It’s important to become 3 mm, and the main parts of the brain are crooked. The bark is even more foldable, it consists of six horizontal balls, which vary in size, thickness, etc. It also has its own specific functions. These parts represent smell, smell, smell, etc.

Budova brain

This folding system has a number of branches, and the skin has its own power functions. The following are the main sections:

1. Kintsevium – becomes approximately 80% of the mass of the whole brain.
2. Intermediate - this is where the thalamus and hypothalamus are located, which is believed to be the connection between the middle part of the human body.
3. Posterior - the vein is formed from the bridge and cerebellum, the functions of which are closely related.
4. The middle one is the one with the most important function.
5. Dovgy - without any connection with the spinal cord.

In addition, the brain can also be divided into the following sections:

• great puffs;
• trunk;
• cerebrum.

Kintseviy cerebrum

This is, melodiously, the most complex both in everyday life and in functions. The wine consists of two sections: the left and the right sections, which are separated by borozena. In the middle of the furrow, at its core, there is a crypt and a calloused body that can be eaten by lichens. The terminal cerebrum is the most functional part of the entire system.

The left one stands for the abstract idea, and the right one for the concrete one. In addition, the terminal cerebrum is responsible for thinking, emotional and analytical processing, extracting information about the middle part and much more.

Perineal cerebrum

The thalamus is directly responsible for connections with the external world, it reacts to stimuli and transmits information about them to the child. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions in cooperation with the nervous system. Underneath it is the expansion of the pituitary gland, whose functions include the regulation of sleep and sleeplessness, the exchange of speech, and control over body temperature.

Posterior cerebellum

The functions of the cerebellum and the pons are closely linked. The brain helps to understand how there is a “fusion” between the divisions. The brain is located behind the bridge, which is often a conductor. The cerebrum is composed of a gray and white lining, which is responsible for the coordination of the arms.

Middle cerebrum

The range of functions of this branch is small, but they are very important. Budova's spinal cord is such that it is directly connected to the brain through the middle. This is where impulses pass, as they are called out by auditory and visual stimuli. In addition, it is responsible for the appearance of the movements of the body and the rotation of the body towards the noise.

Prodovguvaty brain

It is directly connected to the spinal cord. The two branches of the nervous system have a lot of sleep. There is a white cord here that serves as a channel for the ligament that runs from the spinal cord to the brain.

Obolonki

The head cerebrum is covered with balls of membranes.

1. The membrane directly interacts with the brain, it covers all the joints and furrows. In addition, she will go to her very core and live her life.
2. The cobweb shell is thin, it sticks with the ridges, but does not remember them.
3. The dura membrane is folded from a very thick tissue and is connected to the skull. The space between the cobweb and hard membranes is filled with serous tissue.

• There are plenty of promoters of a healthy way of living who say that alcohol damages the brain tissue, but this is actually nonsense.
• As if the Ugric soldier had torn off his butt, and his frontal part suffered greatly. Having seen everything, I could not sleep until the end of my life.
• There seems to be a very broad pardon about those people who are vikoryists who have only a small part of their brain. This is completely wrong. Our cerebrum works wholeheartedly and becomes even more tense.
• The same idea is that people with a more creative side tend to blame the right side, and people with an analytical mind tend to blame the left side more. This is not entirely true, they are true, however, it’s just that the result is more activity.

Visnovki

Budova's brain is even more foldable. Of course, the most important functions are the ones that require basic knowledge about the system. In fact, the brain contains more elements, and their connections are more complex. A tragic process of evolution, during which time the functions of the brain, its size and shape, changed, until the brain became the most powerful “computer” of the Earth.

Every machine does not have such serious capabilities; every device cannot cope with the assigned tasks as quickly as possible. This is a very complex system, which will lead to unprecedented progress in all eyes, but people have not been able to fully understand the brain, and no one can say with success that if it is possible.

The cerebrum, of course, is the main part of the human central nervous system.

Vcheni respect that vikoristovuetsya less than 8%.

Therefore, the possibilities of his boundlessness are accepted and not taken into account. Also, no differences have been revealed between the talents and capabilities of people. The functions of the brain allow control over the life of the body.

Relaxation of the brain under the protection of the cerebral cysts will ensure the normal functioning of the body.

Budova

The human brain is reliably absorbed by the bones of the skull and almost occupies the entire space of the cranium. Anatomists mentally see such parts of the brain: two ligaments, a stovbur and a cerebrum.

The other gender is also accepted. Parts of the brain are the crown, frontal parts, and also the front part.

Its structure is composed of more than a hundred billion neurons. Yogo weight normally increases even more, but reaches 1800 grams, in women of average size the baby is lower.

The cerebrum is made up of gray matter. The cortex is made up of the grayest substance, made up of almost the entire mass of nerve cells that fall on a part of this organ.

Underneath it is a white substance that is made up of neurons, which are conductors, through which nerve impulses are transmitted from the body to the support for analysis, as well as commands from the cortex to parts of the body.

The areas of the cerebrum behind the cerebrum are stained in the bark, and there is also a smell in white speech. Glibin centers are called nuclear.

It represents Budow's cerebrum, in the depths of its empty area, which consists of 4 slugs, separated by ducts, where the circulation circulates, which determines its chemical functions. The sound is protected from three shells.

Functions

The human brain is the manager of all the life of the body from the smallest organs to the high function of the mind.

The functions of the brain include the processing of signals that respond to receptor mechanisms. Many people respect that its functions include recognition as well as emotions, perhaps memory.

Please note: White speech of the brain: functions, functions

The report examines the basic functions of the brain, and identifies the specific type of its area.

Rukh

All orbital activity of the body occurs before the central junction, which passes along the anterior part of the thymus. For the coordination of the forces and creation, the centers are equally responsible, developed in a different branch.

In practice, such centers grow directly into the cerebellum, which is also responsible for meat memory. Therefore, malfunctions in the cerebellum can lead to disruption of the functioning of the musculoskeletal system.

Sensitivity

All sensory functions are under the control of the central nerve, which runs along the back of the thymus. Here is also the expansion of the center of control of the body and its members.

Authorities

The auditory evidence is indicated by the centers located in the crown parts. The visual impressions of people will ensure the centers that are in the political part. The table of vision verification is clearly shown to the robot.

The interlacing of strands on the stem of the crown and frontal part of the passage contains centers responsible for scents, savors, and distinct sensations.

Movna function

This functionality is usually divided into the creation of language development and the ability to understand language.

One function is called motor, and the other sensory. The plots that testify for them are numerous and distributed in the sections of the right and left heel.

Reflex function

Thus, the title of this division includes plots that indicate vitally important processes that are not controlled by information.

These include contraction of the heart muscle, breathing, sounding and dilatation of blood vessels, dry reflexes such as tears, coughing, vomiting, as well as control of the smooth muscles of internal organs.

Functions of shells

The cerebrum contains three membranes.

The brain is such that, in addition to protecting the skin from the membranes, it loses its functions.

The soft tissue ensures normal blood flow, steady flow of sourness for uninterrupted functioning. Also, the most common blood vessels that lie up to the soft membrane vibrate the spinal cord in the sacs.

Please note: What does the right to do to the brain represent?

The arachnoid membrane is the area where liquor circulates, which is how lymph circulates in other parts of the body. This will ensure protection against penetration of pathological agents into the central nervous system.

The dura membrane adheres to the bones of the skull, at the same time ensuring the stability of the gray and white brain tissue, protecting it from coward, destruction during mechanical infusions on the head. This is also the hard shell that makes up this species.

Viddily

What is the cerebrum made of?

The basic functions of the brain are carried out by its various parts. According to the anatomy, the organs come from five branches, which were formed during the process of ontogenesis.

Brain damage controls and determines the functioning of other human systems and organs. The cerebrum is the main organ of the human body, and its specific parts are responsible for the functioning of the human body.

Dovgy

This part of the brain is a natural part of the spinal cord. In the process of ontogenesis, the first of all is formed, and the centers themselves are formed, which are indicative of insane reflex functions, as well as breathing, blood flow, metabolism, and other uncontrolled signals. stu process.

Posterior cerebellum

What does the posterior cerebellum represent?

In this galus, the cerebrum grows, which represents a changed model of the organ. The posterior cerebellum itself is responsible for the coordination of the arms, the function is equal to the balance.

And the posterior cerebellum itself is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted through the neurons of the cerebellum, both from the ends of other parts of the body and back, so that all the human brain activity is controlled.

Middle

This part of the brain is still left unimplanted. The middle cerebrum, whose functions will not be revealed. Apparently, there are centers growing here, which represent the peripheral vision, the reaction of sharp noises. It is also clear that there are dissected parts of the brain, which indicate the normal functioning of the respiratory organs.

Promizhny

There is a large area here called the thalamus. All nerve impulses pass through it, which are sent to different parts of the body in the center, which is located in the throat. The role of the thalamus is to control the adaptation of the body, ensure the reaction to external stimuli, and support normal sensory perception.

Please note: Middle cerebrum: function, functions, development

The perineal region contains the hypothalamus. This brain stabilizes the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, and controls the functioning of all internal organs. Here the body is switched on and shaken.

The hypothalamus itself regulates body temperature, the tone of blood vessels, the contraction of smooth muscles of internal organs (peristalsis), and also regulates hunger and saturation. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland. This is indicative of the functioning of the endocrine system, controlling the synthesis of hormones.

Kintseviy

The terminal cerebrum is one of the youngest parts of the cerebrum. The corpus callosum ensures communication between the right and left ventricles. During the process of ontogenesis, the formation of the rest of the storage parts becomes the main part of the organ.

The sections of the terminal cerebellum contribute to all high nervous activity. What is important here is the number of joints, the tight knitting with support, through which all the life of the body is controlled.

Brain, there are a lot of these functions that are lost to the foolish ones.

The secrets of all mysteries are still far from being solved. The peculiarity of this organ is that its right side of the body controls the work of the left side of the body, and also indicates the underlying processes in the body, and the left side of the body coordinates the right side of the body, and is responsible for talents here. thoughts, thoughts, emotions, memory.

Human head brain

Head cerebrum, the anterior part of the central nervous system of spinal animals and humans, which fits into empty skulls G.M.- The material substrate of high nervous activity and the main regulator of all vital functions of the body.

In spineless creatures that have a central nervous system, the function mm. vikonovaet cephalic ganglion, table of excuses in large comas and mollusks, which is also called mm.

G.M. develops from the terminal cerebrum (great cerebrum); the perineum, which includes the hump [Thalamus], hypogia [Hypothalamus], foreign (metathalamus), supergir (epithalamus); the midbrain, which includes the peduncles and hump; the posterior cerebellum, which forms behind the pons; long brain ( Small 1).

Small 1.Head cerebrum of an adult human(right half, kind of evil):

1 – large size;

2 – visual tubercle (thalamus);

3 – epithalamus (epithalamus);

4 - hypothalamus (hypothalamus);

5 – corpus callosum;

6 – pituitary gland;

7 – chotiripagorb;

8 – legs of the brain;

9 - place (varoliiv);

10 – cerebrum;

11 - dovgasty cerebrum;

12 – fourth hole.

The dovgasty cerebellum is a direct extension of the spinal cord. All parts, spread between the spinal cord and the perineal cord, create swelling in the cerebrum. Afferent (supercentral, sensitive) nerve fibers pass through it, which direct from the spinal cord and cranial nerves to the spinal cord. mm., those efferent (supercentral, auricular) nerve fibers that go along the turnus direction. It is possible for the brain to contain groups of specific afferent nerve cells (nuclei) that receive information from the skin and meatus receptors located in the part of the head, as well as from other sensory organs (hearing, hearing yeah, relish). The brain has a large number of nerve cells in the form of a structure, called either a reticular formation or a reticular formation, and a number of nerve centers that carry out vitally important functions (breathing, blood flow, poisoning, etc.) n.).

Primitive mm.є already at the front of the spine of the creatures - the lancelet. At a number of ridge mm. It is gradually folded and the lists of sections are formed ( Small2 ).

Small2. Progressive head folding brain in spinal critter (type of brain animal):

A – shark brain; B - toad; B – alligator;

brain of savtsiv: G - stupid; D - horses; E – people (look from the side).

1 – sniffing area; 2 – sniffing cibulina; 3 – epiphysis; 4 – third hole; 5 - Zorova part; 6 – cerebrum; 7 – dovgasty cerebrum; 8 – perineal cerebrum; 9 – fourth hole; 10 – great puffs; 11 - zvivina; 12 – furrow.

Progressive arrangement mm. quilted during the hour of embryonic development ( Small 3).

Small3. Bichna on top of the human brain at various stages of embryonic development (terminal cerebrum shading): in the female 2 years (1), 3 years (2), 4 years (3), 8 years (4), 6 months (5); brain of an adult human (6).

Best development mm. reach in humans, the main reason is the increase and complexity of two great organs, morphologically and functionally connected by a tight bundle of nerve fibers - the corpus callosum. In the middle mm. for an adult person to pay 1470 rubles, її obsyag - 1456 cm3, surface - 1622 cm2. Moreover, in absolute numbers mm. People only sacrifice whale brains (6000-7000 g) and elephant brains (5700 g). Vidnosna w masa mm., Behind the show Ya.Ya. Roginsky, the human has the highest number (lyudina - 32; dolphin - 16; elephant - 10.4; mawpa - 2–4). Large surface of great puffs mm. People and other creatures have seen an increase in the number of borozens and snakes that create parts of the soil (Lobova, Timyana, Skronev, Ostrivtseva, Polylichna and Poyasna). Great drinks mm. add up to:

1 ) the superficial sphere of the gray tongue, which is called the cortex of the great cerebrum; in humans, the size of the ball is 1-5 mm; The total number of neurons in the cortex is approximately 14 billion; They should be linked one with one and other breeds mm. and spinal cord afferent, referent and associative nerve fibers in the cortex, as in other structures of the cerebrum, and glial cells (neuroglia or glia), which take part in the metabolic processes of nerve tissue, viscosity improve support function i. They may play a specific role in brain activity;

2 ) white speech, which is composed of nerve fibers, which straighten the cerebrum from the periphery and go out mm. to the periphery, as well as with fibers that bind different pieces of bark and offended berries;

3 ) a number of subcutaneous nodes (basal ganglia), which are located in the depths of the brain, then in the common white speech, but are formed from the gray speech; The most important of these ganglia are the darkened body and the pale ball.

G.M. covered with hard, arachnoid and soft cerebral membranes, between which there is a cerebrospinal core, which also replenishes the empty cerebral sacs. Circulatory system mm. And the cerebrospinal region contains transport channels of living substances, acidity and other substances necessary for the vitality of neurons. Along these riverbeds you can see the products of decay. G.M. very sensitive to the point of sourness.

According to a number of anatomical and functional signs mm. possible as a combination of sensory systems. Receptors [nerve endings] of any afferent system perceive stimulation, which then in the form of nerve impulses expand along the associated nerve pathways to mm. Streams of nerve impulses are carried by mm. Information about the power and intensity of the stimulation received by the receptors of the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.), all internal organs, muscles and tendons. In the subcortical structures, then in the cortical sections of the analyzers, and finally, this information is processed - analysis and synthesis occur. Then mm. gives commands to the primary organs (reference systems) regarding the nature of the appropriate reactions to stimulation. Reactions in a species can be of two types: crazy reflexes or mental reflexes [Reflexes]. The respiratory reflexes operate mainly due to the participation of the extrapyramidal system, which consists of the subcarpal ganglia: the body removes impulses from the thalamus and from the cortex and transmits them to the pallid, spinal cord the stench is located at the nucleus of the brain and, perhaps, to the rocine neurons of the anterior horns. In the lower ridges (fish, amphibians and lycoids) this system of coordination of arms is the same. In spinal cords, there is also a pyramidal system through which impulses are directly transmitted from the cortex to the spinal cord neurons. It achieves development in maws and people of high rank and ensures the greatest strength of the mental reflex, more hands. The pyramidal system, being interconnected with the extrapyramidal system, plays a conducting role. Insane autonomic reactions (vascular, secretory, metabolic, etc.) are produced by the nerve centers of the thalamus, hypothalamus and other structures of the brain. The cortex of the great culles is connected with these structures, which may be due to various mental autonomic reactions [Autonomic nervous system]. Normal robot mm. It is possible only because of the restlessness of its main branches. There are three ways to support this region. The first is through the reticular formation of the cerebrum, where impulses go through the vasculature (colaterals) from the dosage paths that go to the thalamus, and go up to the subspinal areas of the measles. After processing in the reticular formation, the nerve impulses spend specific routes to the vocal analyzer and become of a non-specific nature. This impulse at the moment of need is direct in all areas of the measles. mm. it activates їх – sets the current level of alertness [Tone]. Another way to improve the tone of the measles is through the sympathetic nervous system and cerebrum. Find out, the third one – through specific routes, which are different types of organs. In the process of maintaining tone, mental-reflex mechanisms may also take part. The presence of cortical self-regulation in higher spinal creatures (including self-regulation of measles tone), which is especially evident in humans, is evident. Self-regulation of tone is ensured by bilateral connections between the cortex and reticular formation, as well as the sympathetic nervous system and cerebellum. Self-regulatory mechanisms are intensively studied mm. In order to ensure the high level of nervous activity of a person, which is called the mind, the information is determined by the ability of the brain to absorb, process, save information and see results. reworking.

Activity has a great role mm. The limbic system plays a role, spread on the inner surface of the cervix mm. and in the depths of the bunnies. It consists of the hippocampus, septum, amygdaloid bodies, piriform and cingulum, mamillary bodies, fringe. They also include the thalamus and hypothalamus (and low other structures). It is assumed that the limbic system may be related to instinctive, impulse reactions, which represent the innate basis of emotions and other types of memory. People have experienced problems with various types of memory due to significant damage to the hippocampus and amygdaloid nuclei. Patients in these types of episodes remember the smells that were carried out during the operations, but if they are removed, they cannot guess that the smell is likely to develop 5-10 times. The destruction of the surrounding structures of the limbic system in animals is accompanied by disruption of the sequence of actions; the creature, having not completed one revolution, begins another. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala-like nuclei, septum, and hypothalamus in the brain causes anxiety, aggressiveness, and increased state activity. In this case, mutual relations between other individuals in the herd can change: the “podlegla” mavpa becomes “panic” and suddenly.

Significant progress in the acquired function is unimportant mm., Why is science rich in classical practices I.M. Sechenova, I.P. Pavlova, V.M. Bekhterev, C. Sherrington, the internal mechanisms of its integrative, meaningful activity are still unclear. The connection with this will have functions mm. undergo intensive testing in laboratories and clinics in rich parts of the world with the help of physiological, psychological, clinical, biochemical, biophysical, morphological, cybernetic and our research methods.

Shmalhausen I. I., Fundamentals of the vertebral anatomy of spinal creatures, 4 types, M., 1947, p. 225-76; Orbeli L. A., Nutrition of high nervous activity, M. - L., 1949, p. 397-419, 448-63; Pavlov I. P., Full. zіbr. TV., vol. 3, book. 2, M. - L., 1951, p. 320-44; Bikov K. M., Cerebral cortex and internal organs, Izbr. proizv., vol. 2, M., 1954, p. 358-84; Sechenov I. M., Reflexi cerebrum, M., 1961; Voronin L. R., Course of lectures on the physiology of high nervous activity, M., 1965, p. 225-59; Physiology of people, M., 1966, goal. 15; Prosser L., Brown F., Positive physiology of animals, Prov. z eng., M., 1967, goal. 21; Luria A.R., The most important functions of people..., M., 1969, p. 7–80.

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9.1. Cerebellum In the anatomy of the cerebrum of spinal cords, there are five divisions, and in spinal cords there are six. The double cerebellum (myelencephalon) is an extension of the spinal cord and, by the back, preserves its structure, especially in the lower spinal cords. At the top of the spine



HUMAN CEREBORE
an organ that coordinates and regulates all vital functions of the body and controls behavior. All our thoughts seem to be connected with the work of the brain, and since it does not function, people go into a vegetative state: they spend time before any actions, depending on the reaction to external infusions. This article is dedicated to the human brain, which is more foldable and highly organized than the brain of creatures. However, the similarity between the brains of humans and other brains, as well as most species of spines, is clearly significant. The central nervous system (CNS) is formed from the brain and spinal cord. It is connected to various parts of the body by peripheral nerves – the roach nerves and the sensitive nerves.
Div. also NERVOUS SYSTEM. The cerebrum is a symmetrical structure, like most other parts of the body. When you grow up, your weight will be approximately 0.3 kg, the same as that of an adult - bl. 1.5kg. When looking at it from the outside, the first thing to remember is that the two great souls are turning around, so that more profound creations will come under them. The surface of the kernel is covered with furrows and ridges, which enhances the surface of the measles (the outer ball of the brain). A snoot is placed behind it, the surface of which is finely cut. Below the great p_vkul roztashovanov stovbur cerebra, scho go to the dorsal cerebrospinal cord. Nerves exit from the spinal cord and the spinal cord, through which information from internal and external receptors flows to the brain, and the signals from the spinal cord go to the muscles and joints. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves leaving the brain. In the middle of the brain, the gray cord is cut, which is formed mainly from the bodies of the nerve cells and creates the cortex, and the white cord is the nerve fibers that form the conductive pathways (tracts) that bind together. and they weakened the brain, and also healed the nerves that go beyond between the central nervous system and go to various organs. The head and spinal cord are protected by carpal cases - the skull and the ridge. Between the cerebrum and the bone walls, three membranes grow: the outer one is the hard membrane, the inner one is the soft membrane, and between them is the thin arachnoid membrane. The space between the membranes is filled with spinal (cerebrospinal) fluid, which is similar to blood plasma, vibrates in the internal cerebral sacs (brain sacs) and circulates in the brain and spinal cord, providing life with speech. reasons and other factors necessary for life. Bleeding of the brain occurs before the carotid artery; At the base of the brain, the stench is divided into large parts that go to different branches. If you want your brain tissue to become less than 2.5% of your body's fluid, you must continually, day and night, consume 20% of the blood circulating in the body and the thyroid acid. The energy reserves of the brain are very small, so they must be stored due to sourness. To discover dry mechanisms that can support cerebral blood flow in cases of bleeding and injury. The particularity of cerebral blood circulation is the presence of so-called blood-brain barrier. It consists of several membranes that prevent the penetration of the arterial walls and the passage of rich blood into the cerebrum; In this way, this bar'er has all its functions. For example, there are a lot of medicinal speeches that cannot be penetrated through.
KLITINI BRAIN
The cells of the central nervous system are called neurons; Their function is information processing. The human brain has between 5 and 20 billion neurons. The brain also contains glial cells, which are approximately ten times larger than the number of neurons. Glia fills the space between neurons, strengthening the framework of nerve tissue, which carries, as well as metabolic and other functions.

The neuron, like all other cells, flows through the membrane (plasma). There are two types of adducts coming from the body of the cell - dendrites and axons. Most neurons have a large number of dendrites and only one axon. The dendrites are very short, since the length of the axon ranges from many centimeters to many meters. The body of a neuron contains the nucleus and other organelles, just like in other cells of the body (also a cell).
Nerve impulses. The transmission of information to the brain, as well as the nervous system, occurs in the form of nerve impulses. The stench extends straight from the body of the client to the terminal branch of the axon, which can become loose, allowing it to end without contact with other neurons through a narrow cleft - the synapse; the transmission of impulses through the synapse is mediated by chemical substances - neurotransmitters. The nerve impulse begins to originate in dendrites - the thin, silky structures of a neuron that specialize in picking up information from other neurons and transmitting it to the body of the neuron. There are thousands of synapses on the dendrites and, to a lesser extent, on the body of the cell; through the synapse, the axon, which carries information from the body of the neuron, transmits it to the dendrites of other neurons. At the end of the axon, which connects the presynaptic part of the synapse, small bulbs with a neurotransmitter are located. When the impulse reaches the presynaptic membrane, the neurotransmitter flows from the bulb into the synaptic cleft. The terminal axon carries only one type of neurotransmitter, often combined with one or more types of neuromodulators (the lower neurochemistry of the brain). The neurotransmitter, which is seen from the presynaptic membrane of the axon, binds to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron. The brain contains a variety of neurotransmitters, the skin of which binds to its own special receptor. The receptors on the dendrites are connected to the channels of the postsynaptic membrane, which control the flow of ions through the membrane. At rest, the neuron has an electrical potential of 70 ml (resting potential), with which the inner side of the membrane is negatively charged in relation to the outer side. If you want to identify different neurotransmitters, you must do everything on the postsynaptic neuron with either excitatory or galmic action. An active influx is realized through an increased flow of ions, primarily sodium and potassium, through the membrane. As a result, the negative charge of the inner surface changes - depolarization occurs. The galmic influx acts mainly through a change in the flow of potassium and chlorides, as a result of which the negative charge of the internal surface becomes larger, lower at rest, and hyperpolarization occurs. The function of a neuron lies in the integration of all inputs that are received through synapses on its body and dendrites. The fragments that flow in may be stimulating or galmic and may not be absorbed within an hour; the neuron is responsible for calculating the underlying effect of synaptic activity as a function of the hour. When the arousal action takes precedence over the stress response and the depolarization of the membrane exceeds the threshold value, activation of the vocal part of the neuron membrane - at the base of its axon (axon hump) - occurs. Here, as a result of the opening of channels for sodium and potassium ions, the action potential (nerve impulse) arises. This potential expands further along the axon for its termination with a speed of 0.1 m/s to 100 m/s (the thicker the axon, the greater the speed of conduction). When the potential reaches the axon terminal, another type of ion channel is activated, which lies within the difference of potentials - calcium channels. Behind them, calcium enters the middle of the axon, which leads to the mobilization of the bulbs with the neurotransmitter, which approach the presynaptic membrane, connect with it and displace the neurotransmitter at the synapse.
Myelin and glial cells. Most of the axons are covered with a myelin sheath, which is made up of a richly twisted membrane of glial cells. Myelin is composed mainly of lipids, which gives the characteristic appearance of the white lining of the brain and spinal cord. Due to the myelin membrane, the fluidity of the conduction potential along the axon increases, and fragments of them can move through the axon membrane only in places not covered with myelin, i.e. Ranve's overcrowding. Between the interconnections, pulses are conducted through the myelin sheath like an electrical cable. The fragments opening the channel and the passage of ions through it takes every hour, reducing the constant opening of the channels and enclosing their spheres of activity with small zones of membrane not covered by myelin, speeding up the conduction of impulses along the axon approximately in 10 times Most of the glial cells take part in the formed myelin sheath of nerves (Schwan cells) and nerve tracts (oligodendrocytes). Richly numerous glial cells (astrocytes, microgliocytes) perform other functions: create the load-bearing framework of nerve tissue, provide for their metabolic needs and renewal after injuries and infections tsіy.
YAK PRATSIUYE BRAIN
Let's take a look at the simplest butt. What happens when we pick up the olive on the table? The light, from the image, is focused in the eye by the crystal and directly onto the reticle, where the image appears; It is received by the thyroid cells, where the signal is sent mainly by the sensitive transmitting nuclei of the brain, located in the thalamus (the corneal tubercle), especially in this part, which is called the lateral colliculus. Numerous neurons are activated there, reacting to the division of light and darkness. The axons of the neurons of the lateral colliculus extend to the primary zoral cortex, which is distributed in the most part of the great pelvis. The impulses that came from the thalamus to this part of the cortex are transformed in it into a complex sequence of discharges of cortical neurons, some of which react between the sheep and the table, others - on the wall in the depicted sheep etc. From the primary cortex, information from axons goes to the associative cortex, where pattern recognition occurs in ovine animals. Recognition in this part of the measles is based on previously accumulated knowledge about the external appearance of objects. The planing of the roc (that is, the taking of an olive) occurs, most likely, in the bark of the frontal parts of the great puppies. This area of ​​the measles has expanded orchial neurons that give commands to the muscles of the hand and fingers. The proximity of the hand to the sheep is controlled by the zoral system and interoreceptors that sense the position of the muscles and joints, information from which reaches the central nervous system. When we take an olive in our hand, the receptors in the tips of our fingers, which receive the pressure, inform us that our fingers have carefully touched the olive and how it is used to push it away. Yakshcho Mi wants to write with his own iz, the activation of іnshoi izhormatsky is aware of, Sho Zbereghagat in the brain, the faded rh, and Zorovy control of the attitude of yogo is accurate. At the point of view, it can be seen that in order to cope with simple activities, large areas of the brain are formed, which stretch from the measles to the cerebral cortex. In more complex forms of behavior associated with thoughts or thoughts, other neural circuits are activated, which cover even larger areas of the brain.
BASIC PARTS OF THE BRAIN
The cerebrum can be mentally divided into three main parts: the anterior cerebrum, the anterior cerebrum and the cerebrum. The anterior cerebrum contains the great pelvis, thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland (one of the most important neuroendocrine nodes). The stovbur cerebrum is composed of the middle cerebrum, the pons (pons) and the middle cerebrum. The great pelvis is the largest part of the brain, which constitutes approximately 70% of the brain in adults. The norm is symmetrical. The organs are connected to each other by a massive bundle of axons (corpus callosum), which ensures the exchange of information.

The skin of the ovum is made up of four parts: the frontal, the thymic, the sternal and the posterior. At the cortex of the frontal parts there are centers that regulate the activity of the roc, and also, of course, the centers of planning and transfer. The bark of the dark patches, grown behind the frontal ones, contains zones of bodily symptoms, including dotica and a sour-meaty feeling. From the side to the dark part adjoins the crown, where the primary auditory cortex is developed, as well as the center of other important functions. The posterior part of the cerebellum is occupied by a polymorphic part, extended above the cerebellum; This bark covers the zones of the visual tracts.

The areas of the cortex closely related to the regulation of muscles and the analysis of sensory information are called the associative cortex. These specialized zones establish associative connections between different areas and parts of the system, and it is possible to integrate information from them. The associative cortex provides complex functions such as learning, memory, thinking and thinking.
Subkirkov structures. Below the measles lies a number of important cerebral structures, or nuclei, which form a cluster of neurons. Before them lie the thalamus, basal ganglia and hypothalamus. The thalamus is the main sensory nucleus that transmits; It receives information from the sensory organs and, in turn, redirects it to the corresponding sections of the sensory cortex. It also has non-specific zones that are closely related to the dry bark and will probably ensure the processes of activation and support of sawing and treatment. The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei (the so-called calculus, spinal cord and caudate nucleus) that participate in the regulation of coordination organs (they launch and initiate them). The hypothalamus is a small area at the base of the brain that lies below the thalamus. Rich blood, the hypothalamus is an important center that controls the homeostatic functions of the body. It vibrates the hormones that regulate the synthesis and production of pituitary hormones (also known as the pituitary gland). The hypothalamus has numerous nuclei that perform specific functions, such as regulating water metabolism, fat storage, body temperature, state behavior, sleep and insomnia. Stovbur scoured the brain from the base of the skull. It connects the dorsal cord with the anterior cord and consists of the dorsal cord, pons, middle and perineal cord. Through the middle and perineal cord, as well as through the entire stovbur, there are cords that go to the spinal cord, as well as several sensitive tracks from the spinal cord to the cerebral cord, which lies deeper. Below the middle of the cerebellum there are areas where the nerve fibers are connected to the cerebellum. The lowest part of the stovbur - dovgasty cerebrum - goes without the middle to the dorsal one. The brain has expanded centers that regulate the activity of the heart and breathing independently of the external environment, as well as control blood pressure, peristalsis of the vulva and intestines. On the level of Stovbur there are wire routes that connect the skin with the great parts of the cerebellum and intersect. Therefore, the skin is connected to the procumulus of the body and is connected to the procumulus of the cerebellum. A smear of ripples under the cultural parts of the great lakes. Through the wire paths of the bridge there are connections with the cerebrums that lie deeper. The cerebrum is responsible for the regulation of fine automatic circuits, coordinating the activity of different muscle groups in the formation of stereotypical behavioral acts; It also steadily controls the position of the head, toe and ends, etc. take your fate from the followers of the Rivnovaga. Based on the remaining data, the brain plays an even more important role in the molded rotary heads, which memorizes the sequence of rotors.
Other systems. The limbic system is a wide range of interconnected areas of the brain that regulate emotions and also ensure learning and memory. The amygdala and hippocampus (which is part of the scronite region), as well as the hypothalamus and so-called nuclei, reach the nuclei that form the limbic system. prosperous septum (rotated at the cerebral cortex). The reticular formation is a network of neurons that extends through the entire stovbur to the thalamus and is further connected with wide areas of the measles. It plays a role in the regulation of sleep and lack of sleep, encourages the active state of the measles and promotes the focus of attention on important objects.
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN
With the help of electrodes placed on the surface of the head or introduced into the brain, it is possible to record the electrical activity of the brain, caused by discharges of the cells. Recording the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the surface of the head is called an electroencephalogram (EEG). Vaughn allows you to record the discharge of a nearby neuron. As a result of the synchronized activity of thousands or millions of neurons, noticeable ripples appear on the curve that is recorded.

With continuous registration on the EEG, cyclical changes are revealed that raise the level of activity of the individual. In the state of active sleeplessness, EEG fixes low-amplitude non-rhythmic beta waves. In the state of relaxed sleeplessness and flattened eyes, alpha signals with a frequency of 7-12 cycles per second are important. When you go to sleep, you can see the appearance of high-amplitude ridges (delta ridges). During the period of sleep and dreams, beta waves appear again on the EEG, and at the base of the EEG one can succumb to the peaceful hostility that a person cannot sleep (hence the term “paradoxical sleep”). The dream is often accompanied by fluid eyes (with the eyelids closed). Therefore, a dream from dreams is also called a dream from fluid eyes (wonderful also DREAM). EEG allows diagnosing diseases of the brain while treating epilepsy
(Div. EPILEPSY). By recording the electrical activity of the brain during the hour of a vocal stimulus (visual, auditory, tactile), it is possible to identify the so-called. Clicking potentials are synchronous discharges of a singing group of neurons that respond to a specific external stimulus. The study of the firing potentials made it possible to clarify the localization of cerebral functions, closely linking the function of thought with the vocal zones of the crown and frontal parts. This investigation also helps to assess the state of the sensory systems in patients with impaired sensitivity.
NEUROCHEMISTRY OF THE BRAIN
The most important neurotransmitters in the brain include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), endorphins and enkephalins. In addition to these well-known sayings, the brain, of course, functions in a large number of others that have not yet been developed. These neurotransmitters act less in the brain of singing galusas. Thus, endorphins and enkephalins are revealed mainly in areas that carry out painful impulses. Other mediators, such as glutamate or GABA, are more widespread.
Action of neurotransmitters. It was assumed that neurotransmitters, flowing onto the postsynaptic membrane, change its conductivity for ions. This is often achieved through the activation of another “messenger” in the postsynaptic neuron system, for example, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The actions of neurotransmitters can be modified by the infusion of another class of neurochemicals - peptide neuromodulators. They develop in the presynaptic membrane at the same time as the neurotransmitter, and they may produce or otherwise change the effect of the mediators on the postsynaptic membrane. Of more importance is the recently opened endorphin-enkephalin system. Enkephalins and endorphins are small peptides that stimulate the conduction of pain impulses by binding to receptors in the central nervous system, including in larger measles zones. This family of neurotransmitters suppresses subjective pain. Psychoactive substances are words that specifically bind to the vocal receptors in the brain and cause a change in behavior. Several mechanisms of their action have been identified. Some contribute to the synthesis of neurotransmitters, others – to their accumulation and development from synaptic bulbs (for example, amphetamine increases the release of norepinephrine). Third mechanism Polega at the stars with receptors of the same natural neuromediator, the LSD eston (Dietilamіd Lіzersonovoic acid) explains the yogo Zdatnistu Zv'yazuvati with serotonovichi receptors. The fourth type of drug is receptor blockade. antagonism with neurotransmitters. Such antipsychotic drugs, which are widely used, such as phenothiazines (for example, chlorpromazine or chlorpromazine), block dopamine receptors and thereby reduce the effect of dopamine on postsynaptic neurons. The solution, which is based on the broader mechanisms of action, is galvanization and the inactivation of neurotransmitters (many pesticides override the inactivation of acetylcholine). It has long been known that morphine (a purified product of opium poppy) not only has an analgesic effect, but also has the power to induce euphoria. That’s why vicorism is like a drug. The action of morphine is due to its connection with the receptors of the endorphin-enkephalin system in humans (also a narcotic). Just one of the many applications of the fact that chemical substances from other biological processes (in this case, algae) can work on the brains of animals and people, interacting with specific neurotransmitter systems. Another well-known product is curare, derived from a tropical plant that effectively blocks acetylcholine receptors. The Indians of New America coated their arrowheads with curare for its paralyzing effect associated with the blockade of nerve-meat transmission.
DURING THE BRAIN
Investigation of the brain is complicated for two main reasons. First of all, to the brain, so that the skull can be easily stolen, there is a difficult direct access. In other words, neurons in the brain do not regenerate, so if you give it away, it can lead to irrevocable damage. Regardless of how difficult it is, the investigation of the brain and the various forms of its treatment (previously neurosurgical administration) are from ancient times. Archaeological findings show that even in ancient times people resorted to craniotomy in order to deny access to the brain. Particularly intensive examinations of the brain were carried out during the war, if it was possible to prevent various traumatic brain injuries. The deterioration of the brain as a result of injury at the front or injury suffered during peacetime is a kind of analogue to an experiment in which the songs of the brain are ruined. The fragments are one possible form of “experiment” on the human brain; another important method of investigation has become research on laboratory animals. Based on the behavioral and physiological effects of the improvement of the vocal medullary structure, it is possible to learn about its functions. The electrical activity of the brain in experimental animals is recorded using electrodes placed on the surface of the head or brain or introduced into the brain. In this way, it is possible to measure the activity of small groups of neurons or nearby neurons, as well as to detect changes in ion flows across the membrane. In addition to the stereotactic device, which allows you to insert the electrode at the point of the brain, you can use inaccessible clay areas. Another approach is to stretch small sections of living cerebral tissue, after which they are kept in view from the view, placed in the living center, or the tissues are separated and are found in cultural cultures. In the first phase, it is possible to monitor the interaction of neurons, in the other, the vitality of neighboring cells. When the electrical activity of certain neurons and other groups in the brain is affected, the brain is forced to register the output activity, then the effect of the same or other on the function of cells is determined. In another method, an electrical impulse is sent through the implanted electrode to individually activate nearby neurons. This way you can infuse the brain zones into other areas. This method of electrical stimulation has proven useful for tracing the Stovburian activating systems that pass through the midbrain; Until then, the same is true when trying to understand how learning and memory processes proceed at the synaptic level. A hundred years ago, it became clear that the functions of the left and the right are a result of slaughter. The French surgeon P. Broca, who looked after patients with impaired cerebral blood flow (stroke), found that, unfortunately, people suffered from illness and damage to the left hemorrhage. Subsequently, the investigation of the specialization was continued using other methods, such as the registration of EEG and the recovery of potentials. The remaining risks of image capture (visualization) are based on folding technologies. Thus, computer tomography (CT) has revolutionized clinical neurology, allowing for the acquisition of detailed (spherical) images of brain structures in real life. Another imaging method, positron emission tomography (PET), provides a picture of the metabolic activity of the brain. In this type of person, a short-lived radioisotope is injected, which accumulates in various parts of the brain, moreover, the greater their metabolic activity. For additional PET, it was also shown that the main functions of most clasps are associated with the left ovule. Brain fragments are produced from a large number of parallel structures, PET provides information about the functions of the brain that cannot be obtained using single electrodes. As a rule, brain examination is carried out using a complex of methods. For example, the American neurobiologist R. Sperry and his neurobiologists performed transection of the corpus callosum (a bundle of axons that connects the offending neurons) in certain patients with epilepsy as a medical procedure. Previously, in these patients with “split” brains, specialization of the brain was observed. It has been revealed that other logical and analytical functions are very important for the dominant (meaning left) pike, while the non-dominant pike analyzes the space-hour parameters of the call new middle ground. This is how it becomes active when we hear music. A mosaic picture of brain activity can be seen in those in the middle of the cortex and substructures and numerous specialized areas; The one-time activity of these areas confirms the concept of the brain as a computational device with parallel processing of data. With the advent of new research methods, findings about brain function are likely to change. The lack of devices that make it possible to obtain a “map” of the metabolic activity of different parts of the brain, as well as the use of molecular genetic approaches, are responsible for destroying our knowledge about the processes that occur in the brain.
Div. also NEUROPSYCHOLOGY.
PORENTAL ANATOMY
In different types of spinal attachments the brain is quite similar. When studies are carried out on the level of neurons, a clear similarity of such characteristics as mediated neurotransmitters, changes in ion concentrations, types of cells and physiological functions is revealed. Fundamental strengths appear less on par with those without spines. The spineless neurons are much larger; Often smells are connected one to another, not by chemical, but by electrical synapses, which rarely connect in the human brain. In the nervous system of spineless people, there are neurotransmitters that have no power over the spine. In the middle of the spinal cord, the brain is drained and the main task of the connection between its surrounding structures is concerned. By assessing the similarity and flexibility of the brains of fish, amphibians, buoyants, birds, and squirrels (humans), it is possible to deduce a number of mysterious patterns. First of all, all these creatures have the same functions of neurons. In other words, there are similar devices and functions of the spinal cord and brain cord. Thirdly, the evolution of primates is accompanied by a clear increase in cortical structures, which reach the maximum development of primates. In amphibians, the cortex is a small part of the brain, just as in humans it is the dominant structure. Please note that the principles of functioning of the brain of all spinal cords are practically the same. Strengths are determined by the number of interneuronal ligaments and interactions, which are greater than the complexity of the cerebrum. Div. also ANATOMY IS COMPLETE.
LITERATURE
Bloom F., Leiserson A., Hofstadter L. Brain, mind and behavior. M., 1988

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open the marriage. 2000 .

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The cerebrum of an adult human being is cut open. The human brain (lat. encephalon) is ... Wikipedia