Uzdg vessels orbit eyes. Uzdg of full-time vessels. The results of these discussions

To monitor blood flow, use ultrasound analyzers of Doppler signals. One of these devices is the commercially available ultrasound analyzer "Sonomed-300" AT "Spectromed" (Moscow).
When monitoring cerebral blood flow, the frequency spectrum of the Doppler signal represents the range of linear fluidity of erythrocytes in the vicinity and is displayed as spectrographs in real time on a bidirectional frequency analyzer. The evaluation of the echo signal is carried out with the help of the Swedish engineer Fur'e. The maximum frequency that represents the speed of blood flow is displayed along the vertical axis in centimeters per second (cm/s) or kilohertz (kHz), and the horizontal axis indicates the hour either continuously or in freeze-frame mode. The research technique includes the location of the main vessels and veins in different anatomical projections.
Blood flow in the intracranial arteries of the cerebrum in adults is monitored using an ultrasound sensor through the main cranial foramina: orbital, scrotal and foramen magnum. In early childhood, there is greater evidence of the thymus and thin cysts of the skull.
Through the eyelids, it is possible to monitor the blood flow in the great arteries and their branches that support the cerebral cord: middle cerebral artery, bifurcation of the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery a artery, spinal arteries, ophthalmic artery. This method can be used to study venous blood flow to the brain.
Indicators of blood flow are displayed on the screen using a graphic (spectrogram) and basic numerical data.
To assess the functional capabilities of the vascular system of the brain, functional tests are carried out with short-hour compression of the carotid artery in the cerebral artery, light stimulation of the eyes and other activities.
Different Doppler tests have different diagnostic value. The least informative indicator is a subtle thickness, which is perceived by the ear as thickness. This indicator, in addition to blood flow, lies in the depths of the disease and significantly affects healthy people. A more informative indicator is a clear amplitude, since a sharp drop in intensity during the hearing process indicates the presence of atherosclerotic changes due to a decrease in the intensity of sound. A reliable diagnostic indicator is the asymmetry of the tension of the same veins. It is also important to indicate a decrease in tension for the Echosignal during repeated investigations of the same patient. The most informative indicator is the distribution of pressure across different frequencies of the spectrum.
The main indicator of the Doppler spectrum is frequency, which characterizes the speed of blood flow in the subject vessel. From this indicator we will develop other diagnostic indices. The most important indicator is maximum systolic fluidity (MSV), which is the maximum fluidity of blood flow at the top of the systolic peak. The maximum systolic fluidity depends on the volume of blood systole with a short heart, the diameter of the blood vessel and the elasticity of its wall.
Another important indicator of blood flow is end-diastolic fluidity (EDF), which is the fluidity of blood flow at the end of diastole. Kintseva diastolic fluid lies in the support of blood flow in the process of further investigation. With increased support for blood flow, the indicator of end-diastolic fluidity changes.
The characteristics of Dopplerograms also have the value of the average speed of blood flow per cardiac cycle (CC).
For a more accurate characterization of the blood flow support, the circulatory support index – the Purcello index – was assigned. The support index (IV) characterizes the support of the vascular system to the blood flow during the course of the study. The support index is based on the difference between maximum systolic fluid (MSS) and end diastolic fluid (CDS) to maximum systolic fluid (MSS).
The normal value of the circulatory support index is 0.55-0.75.
The Purcell index shows the support of the vascular system to the blood flow and lies in the absolute values ​​of the fluidity of the blood flow. It is more important to note about vasospasm, stenosis and thrombosis in the judiciary system at a further stage of investigation. This occurs when the carotid artery is damaged in the neck and cerebral vessels. Reduced support of the vascular system to the blood flow results in a change in the index below the norm, which must be avoided in arteriovenous malformations.
The results of monitoring may be based on low additional indices. All indices are not only similar to the support of blood flow, but also depend on the elasticity of the vessel wall and the age of the patient.

Bleeding eyes and eyes
The Doppler ultrasound method makes it possible to monitor blood flow in the ophthalmic artery and terminal glands - the supratrochlear and suprafoamal arteries. In these vessels there is bleeding of the internal membranes of the eye and the anterior chamber.

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Transcranial Dopplerography of venous blood flow
Transcranial Dopplerography is also an adequate method for detecting damage to the venous flow of blood from the empty skull. Venous drainage from the empty skull is only possible if the blood pressure in the cerebral veins is due to the internal cranial pressure. Shifts of the intracranial pressure lead to “cuff compression” of the local veins in the subarachnoid space, which is accompanied by disruption of the flow of venous blood from the empty skull. This is why the skull absorbs the displacement of the internal cranial pressure.
In the venous system of the brain, in contrast to the arterial system, during the hour of systole the accelerated blood flow is significantly less than in the arteries. This is the reason for the reduction of the maximum systolic fluidity of the venous blood flow.

The main Doppler characteristics of the venous system of the brain are reduced to the attack:

• low fluidity of blood flow,
• low pulsatility,
• increased fluidity of blood flow during the hour of systole,
• characteristic changes during the Valsalvi maneuver.

Diagnostic value of Dopplerography in pathology of blood flow to the brain
The main Doppler examination is based on the detected damage to cerebral blood flow. Diagnostic values ​​loom as clear as the characteristics of the Dopplerogram.

There are three stages of severity of cerebral vasospasm:

1. easy step - speed of blood flow up to 120 cm/s,
2. middle stage – speed of blood flow up to 200 cm/s,
3. severe stage - speed of blood flow over 200 cm/s.

Arteriovenous malformation is a congenital anomaly of the development of the fetal vascular network, in which arterial blood flows from the artery directly into the venous bed.

Doppler diagnostics of arteriovenous malformation is based on the following signs:

1. high fluidity of blood flow in the “living” artery,
2. low pulsation index in the living artery,
3. There is asymmetry in the pulsation index.

Doppler diagnostics of small lesions of arteriovenous malformation (diameter less than 2 cm) is limited. The accuracy of diagnosing cerebral cerebral lesions when using the entire complex of dopplerographic signs becomes 85 to 93%.

To evaluate the thin and tenacious tissues of the eye, as well as its vessels, it is necessary to use a special technique - ultrasound with Doppler. Today, there is only one practical way in which it is possible to fully understand, without causing the patient any harm, how well the eyes work properly and how the blood flows.

Zagalny characteristic of the quilting

The bleeding from the eyes comes from the pool of the internal carotid artery. It divides into the central artery of the retina, the ophthalmic artery and others. The functional state of the eyes, and the sharpness of the vision, can be delayed due to bleeding, as damage may be the cause of many pathologies.

If there is a disturbance in the blood flow in the eyes, the vessels should be monitored with the help of ultrasound and Doppler. This is an accessible, non-invasive, safe and painless diagnostic method, which is also highly informative. can be used as the primary diagnosis of pathologies of blood flow in the eye vessels, so continuous monitoring will begin.

Illness, for which procedure is indicated

Dopplerography of the eye (what the follow-up reveals will be described below) is therefore used as a clarifying procedure if the patient is ill.

Hypertensive illness

Since the heart itself is responsible for the vitality of the blood flow in general, in case of hypertension, it is recommended to perform ultrasound Dopplerography of the eye arteries in order to understand how illness mainly affects its function ta gostrotu zora. It is especially important to carry out this diagnosis if the patient is afraid of swaddling before the eyes or has decreased vision.

Blood diabetes

Blood diabetes is a disease that can negatively affect the functioning of almost any organ, including the eyes. The movements, instead of the blood in the blood, lead to the blood vessels becoming cracked, as a result of which periodic micro-bloods occur in the mesh, and the blood falls inexorably. To trim the eyes under control, it is recommended to periodically undergo ultrasound examination.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the name given to a whole group of eye pathologies, which are characterized by permanent or periodic displacement of the internal eye pressure. As glaucoma develops, the patient begins to notice a decrease in visual acuity due to atrophy of the visual nerve and visual field defects.

By performing ultrasound Dopplerography of the eye vessels, it is possible to not only confirm or detect glaucoma, but also determine its appearance. For example, the subcutaneous form is characterized by a decrease in peak systolic fluidity of the blood stream, end diastolic fluidity of the bloodstream and an increase in the resistance index.

Stroke

In case of stroke and subsequent disruption of cerebral blood flow, disruption of blood flow in the vessels of the eyes can be avoided. Therefore, doctors recommend that they be monitored using an additional method of ultrasound Dopplerography.

Myopia and hypermetropia

When short-sightedness (myopia) and far-sightedness (hypermetropia) begin to actively progress, you should undergo an ultrasound of the eyes with Doppler to understand whether this is due to impaired blood flow.

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Before the ultrasound examination, please note:

Cutting waste of time

Indications for terminology and ultrasound examination of the eyes (as described above) include the patient’s concern for a sharp loss of vision or a decrease in pain. This problem may be caused by impaired blood flow in the vessels of the eyes. Loss of vision may also be caused by injury to the eyes; in this case, it is also recommended to undergo an ultrasound with Doppler to understand the extent to which the circulatory system is damaged.

Almost bursting in the eyes

Feelings of swelling in the eyes, which are also accompanied by a headache, may be a symptom of intracranial hypertension, spasm or enlargement of the cerebral vessels. It’s amazing and the sight of the very eyes of the vessels. Who can help with ultrasound and Doppler.

Parts of headaches with irradiation in the eye

If a headache occurs in a person, doctors recommend undergoing an ultrasound procedure with Doppler and monitoring not only the cerebral blood flow, but also the blood flow in the vessels. Perhaps we are talking about pre-stroke syndrome, which can be detected using additional diagnostic data and then effective treatment can be considered.

Vypadannya polіv zora

The appearance of fields in the vision is a change in the cultivation of the visible space with a fixed gaze. The cause of this pathology may be a disruption of cerebral blood flow or a stroke. As a rule, in such situations, Doppler ultrasonography of the eye vessels is indicated (the doctor will explain this clearly).

How to check the ultrasound of the vessel's eyes and orbits?

To pass the restraint, the patient needs to lie down on the couch and flatten his eyes. Apply a thick gel to the eyelids to color the contact of the sensor. The cost of the procedure is approximately 20-30 minutes per eye injury. The main vessels of the eye can be examined: the ophthalmic artery, the posterior short ciliary arteries, the central artery of the eye, the central vein of the eye, the superior ophthalmic vein.

Interpretation of results

During the ultrasound examination process, a number of indicators are identified, the values ​​of which are equal to the norm:

• max systolic speed of blood flow in the vessels of the eye;
• min diastolic fluidity of blood flow in the vessels of the eye;
• resistance index;
• pulsation index;
• relationship between systolic and diastolic fluidity in blood flow.

It is most common to talk about the pathology of blood vessels if one is careful not to reduce the value of the listed indicators.

Ultrasound of the eyes– a method for diagnosing ophthalmological diseases that visualizes the eye, the ophthalmic nerves, muscles and veins, crystals, and mesh. Vikorist is used in the complex diagnostics of short-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism, retinal dystrophy, cataracts, glaucoma, puffy eyes, injuries, congenital pathologies, neuritis. The number of procedure options has been expanded: one-dimensional (A), two-dimensional (B), three-dimensional (AB) scanning, ultrasound examination/ultrasound scanning. It is possible to remain in the selected ultrasound mode.

Preparation

Ultrasound of the eyes does not require immediate preparation. Immediately before the procedure, it is necessary to remove makeup from the eyes and remove contact lenses. If there is a suspicion of the presence of a foreign body in the eye tissue, an x-ray of the eye is taken before ultrasound examination. When a new development develops, regardless of its etiology, anterior diaphanoscopy and X-ray follow-up are recommended.

What does it show

As a result of the ultrasound eye scan in A-mode, one-dimensional images are scanned and the parameters are selected and analyzed to calculate the power of the intraocular lens before cataract surgery. In B-mode, two-dimensional images of the eye pits and eyeballs are obtained, which further reveals opacified corneas, cataracts, hemorrhage, foreign bodies, and new growths in the eye. In complex AB mode, eye structures are displayed in a trivial image. Vessel tracking displays blood flow patterns in real time through graphical and multi-dimensional displays. Ultrasound eye can detect the following pathologies:

• Myopia, hypermetropia. The anterior-posterior axis of the apple is visible. In case of congenital shortsightedness it is more than normal, in case of farsightedness it is less.
• Cloudy crystal. Normally, this structure is clear and is not displayed on the monitor. When cloudy, the crystal becomes thicker and begins to swell and becomes visible under ultrasound.
• Degenerative-dystrophic illness. Degeneration of the retina, atrophy of the visual nerve, glaucoma, keratopathy, conjunctival dystrophy are accompanied by thinning and weakening of the cells. On ultrasound images, the areas appear less clear, ranging from white and light gray to gray that appear icy.
• Newly created, foreign body. The investigation allows you to determine the size and distribution of the fluff, a third-party object of the eye. On ultrasound examination, the stench appears as an area of ​​advanced and high echo activity.
• Pathologies of the visual nerves. Assessment of the formation of visual nerve fibers is necessary for retrobulbar neuritis, neurogenic tumors, glaucoma, and traumatic injuries. This indicates a change in the thickness of the membrane and disc of the nerve, the expansion of the vocal tracts, and the blurring of the cordons.
• Judicial eye pathologies. Ultrasound of visual vessels is used to analyze blood flow in chronic, diabetic, and atherosclerotic changes. Follow-up reveals thrombosis of small and large vessels, non-perfused microvessels, vascular malformations, luminal constriction, smallness of relaxation, increased blood flow, oscillatory and fluid flow of vessels.

The cream is treated and ultrasound of the eyes is used to detect congenital anomalies in the development of the eye organ, disease of the lacrimal ducts and lacrimal sac. Although highly informative, ultrasound results cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis. The stench is determined in combination with data from clinical experience, anamnesis, ophthalmological examination, radiography and other instrumental methods.

Advantages

At this time, ultrasound of the eyes is the most informative and accessible method of early diagnosis of ophthalmological pathologies. The advantage of this method is that it is inexpensive: the availability of exchange infusion and invasive delivery allows for the treatment of children, elderly people, pregnant women, and mothers. The short duration of the procedure and the obviously low likelihood of using ultrasound as one of the most common methods for screening eye disease. A short period of ultrasonic tracking of the eye - the clarity of the image is limited by the sensor area, the separation is lower, lower during MRI and CT.

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Ultrasound of the eye, or ophthalmoechography, is a diagnostic method that is widely used by ophthalmologists and allows one to identify differences in health. For all types of illnesses, the method is the only one possible, safe, informative and non-invasive.

Ultrasound of the eyeball is the most informative for eye diseases that are accompanied by opacities of the middle. During the hour of the procedure, the doctor evaluates the structure of the eye muscles, the visual nerve, identifies abnormalities in the development of the eye, and indicates normal indicators of the eyeball.

Diagnosis is often accompanied by Doppler sonography, which makes it possible to assess low additional parameters:

• fluidity of blood flow;
• volume of blood flow;
• the passage of vessels.

Dopplerography itself makes it possible to detect congestive eye diseases at early, preclinical stages.

There are two main modes of ultrasonic eye tracking:

• A-mode, which is carried out with the eye open. For this patient, a superficial anesthesia is performed so that the eye remains intact.
• B-mode ends when the switch is closed. Anesthesia is not performed; a special gel is applied to the area.
• A combination of these two techniques.

The method is described in two-dimensional modes; with the recent development of modern computer technologies in medicine, it has become possible to carry out three-dimensional ultrasound.

Indications before ultrasound examination of the eye:

• modification of physiological parameters of the ophthalmic fossa, optic centers;
• the appearance of plump creations;
• ushkojennya oka;
• cloudiness of the middle of the eye;
• visibility of third parties;
• cataract;
• glaucoma;
• myopia;
• Vivih Kristalika;
• otsharuvannya mesh;
• pathology of the visual nerve;
• change your prone body;
• presence of hemorrhages;
• exophthalmos;
• anomalies in the development of the eye;
• control of the postoperative period;
• the presence of somatic pathology, which results in deterioration of the eyes: blood diabetes, hypertension, illness.

In addition to overexposure reasons, ultrasound of the apple is indicated for assessing the dynamics of short-sightedness, when planning an operation to replace the lens before cataract surgery.

This investigation provides maximum information for the doctor, is inexpensive, accessible, invasive, painless, practically has no contraindications, and is safe. Another reason why many doctors rely on ultrasound for better performance is the availability of special training. The procedure can be carried out immediately on the day of birth, the patient does not have to change his original way of life.

Contraindicated

There are no contraindications for ultrasound examination of the eyes. This procedure can be performed on any category of patients: pregnant, pregnant, oncological, with a clear form of tuberculosis, or with a somatic pathology.

Temporary changes in eye diagnostics may include local changes:

• penetrating eye injury;
• gostria ignition process;
• corneal expressions.

Observation of the apple using the ultrasound method does not require any eyelid measurements and takes 15-20 minutes per hour. After follow-up, the patient can immediately return to the traditional way of life.

Ultrasound of the apple with dopplerography of the blood vessels

Ultrasound of the apple with Dopplerography is the most informative and accessible method of investigation, while other methods do not always allow one to assess blood flow. Direct ophthalmoscopy can provide an indirect assessment of the retinal vessels, as well as detect gross changes.

For certain illnesses, ultrasonography of the eyes is the main method of diagnosis: blood diabetes and hypertensive disease. According to the recommendations, such patients need to undergo follow-up examinations at least once per day, and in case of frequent complications of the main illness - twice per day. Based on the diagnostic results, the doctor can predict the development of the disease, leading to complete blindness.

Current computer technologies facilitate the further development of Dopplerography of the eye. Nowadays, more informative methods are being discovered: convergent Doppler, power Doppler, color Doppler mapping. At the Kutuzovsky Children's Hospital, patients with congestive eye diseases are treated using a variety of current methods, focusing on the severity and severity of clinical symptoms.

Alternative names: Doppler ultrasound studies of ophthalmic artery.

The bleeding of the eye comes from the basin of the internal carotid artery, which is divided into several branches: the central retinal artery, the ophthalmic artery and others. The functional state of the eye and the sharpness of the eye have a lot to do with the extent to which good eye structures are pumped with blood.

Ultrasound Dopplerography of the vessels of the eye allows assessing the nature of changes in blood flow during various illnesses. This is an accessible and accurate diagnostic method, which has several daily contraindications. The results of this investigation influence treatment tactics, make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of courses of therapy, as well as make a prognosis for illness.

Showing

Ultrasound scanning of the eye is shown in cases of advanced illness:

• hypertensive illness;
• blood diabetes;
• glaucoma;
• puffy eyes and bright eyes;
• stroke;
• myopia and hypermetropia;
• suspicion of ocular vein thrombosis;
• vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

The following patient's scars can be used as a basis for ultrasound examination of the eye vessels:

• a sharp waste of time;
• there seems to be a blaze in the eyes;
• "flies" in front of ochima;
• often headaches with irradiation into the eyes;
• the fall of the fields;
• attack with glaucoma.

Most often, ophthalmologists are directly involved in the investigation, but doctors of other specialties - endocrinologists and therapists - can also be referred. No special preparation is required; women come to the investigation without makeup.

For patients with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, glaucoma and hypertension, it is recommended to treat the eyes at least once a day.

How to check the ultrasound of the vessel's orbit

To monitor the vicor, use a sensor with an operating frequency of 7.5 MHz. The scan is performed with the patient lying on his back, with his eyes closed, and the sensor is positioned on the upper table. To paint the sensor contact, use the original contact gel. The complexity of the manipulation is 20-30 quilins per offended eye. After observing the patient, it is enough to wipe off the ultrasound gel from the surface.

Interpretation of results

The main vessels of the eye can be examined: the ophthalmic artery, the posterior short ciliary arteries, the central artery of the eye, the central vein of the eye, the superior ophthalmic vein.

During the scan, a number of indicators are assessed, which will then be equal to the average values ​​of the norm:

• maximum systolic fluidity of the blood stream (Vmax);
• terminal diastolic velocity (Vmin);
• resistance index (RI);
• pulsation index (PI);
• Systolic and astolic ratio (Ratio).

The assessment of all these indicators is carried out for the skin separately.

The cause of pathology is evidenced by a decrease in the majority of indicators, which means a change in blood volume, which is necessary until the end.

additional information

Ultrasound of the eye is the most accessible and informative method for diagnosing eye pathology. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that in the course of one manipulation it is possible to pierce the very apple and vessels that bleed it.

Currently, more advanced methods are being used to trace the vessel pathology of the eye: color Doppler mapping of the vessel eye and orbit, power Doppler, as well as a method that is similar to technology, convergent Dopplerography Yu.

Other diagnostic methods do not allow an accurate assessment of blood flow in the eye. Direct ophthalmoscopy allows you to indirectly assess the size of the retina vessels and identify gross pathology: enlarged veins, hemorrhage in the retina and swelling of the optic nerve.

This follow-up method is particularly important for patients with diabetes and arterial hypertension. Assessing changes in blood flow indicators over time (patients with these illnesses are recommended to undergo ultrasound examination at least once per day, and more rarely, skin tests) allows predicting the likelihood of development of severe disorders. y - right up to blindness.

Literature:

1. Katkova E.A. Diagnostic ultrasound. Ophthalmology. - M.: TOV "Firma STROM", 1993. - 160 p.
2. Kharlap S.I., Shershnev V.V. Color Doppler mapping of the central retinal artery, central retinal vein and orbital arteries. Visualization at the clinic, 1992